As previous literature updates, I have performed a PubCrawler search looking for football articles in NCBI Medline (PubMed) and GenBank databases.
Following studies were retrieved for this week:
1 Slower but Not Safer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Return to Play and Graft Re-Rupture After ACL Reconstruction in Professional Soccer Players
Reference: Sports Med Open. 2025 Dec 12;11(1):157. doi: 10.1186/s40798-025-00962-2.
Authors: Riccardo D’Ambrosi, Alessandro Carrozzo, Edoardo Monaco, Amit Meena, Luca Maria Sconfienza, Elmar Herbst, Elisabeth Abermann, Christian Fink
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40798-025-00962-2.pdf
Summary: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is one of the most severe injuries in professional soccer players, often leading to long absences from competition and career-threatening consequences. Understanding how return to play (RTP) outcomes have evolved over time is essential for optimizing recovery and minimizing re-injury risk. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare RTP rate, level of RTP, time to RTP, and ACL graft re-rupture rate in professional soccer players across three distinct time periods after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Following PRISMA guidelines, MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Elsevier), and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched on March 8, 2025, and updated on March 22, 2025. Studies reporting RTP outcomes after ACLR in professional soccer players were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS). Four primary outcomes-RTP rate, level of RTP, time to RTP, and ACL graft re-rupture rate-were extracted and meta-analyzed across three publication periods (2011-2016, 2017-2021, 2022-2025). Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 1,988 professional soccer players (5 published before 2017, 5 between 2017 and 2021, and 10 after 2021). The mean player age at surgery did not differ across time periods (p > 0.05). Overall, 92.3% of players returned to play, 80.1% regained their pre-injury performance level. The mean time to RTP was 263.2 days, with a significantly slower return observed in 2022-2025 (295.1 days) compared with 2011-2016 (203.5 days; p = 0.006), and the pooled graft re-rupture rate was 8.2%. No significant differences were found among periods for overall RTP, level of RTP, or re-rupture rate (p > 0.05). More than 92% of professional soccer players successfully RTP after ACLR, and approximately 80% recover their pre-injury level. However, in recent years, RTP has become significantly slower-by over 40%-without a corresponding reduction in graft re-rupture rates. These findings suggest a shift toward more conservative, criteria-based RTP decision-making in professional soccer, reflecting greater emphasis on graft protection and long-term knee health. Level of Evidence Systematic review and meta-analysis of level IV. Trial Registration PROSPERO – CRD420251012143.
2 Comparison of Knee Bone Morphology and Accessory Ossicle Incidence Between Elite Male Soccer Players and Controls
Reference: Orthop J Sports Med. 2025 Dec 9;13(12):23259671251397395. doi: 10.1177/23259671251397395. eCollection 2025 Dec.
Authors: Takuya Kinoshita, Yusuke Hashimoto, Kentaro Inui, Ryo Sugama, Takeshi Sugimoto, Masatoshi Hoshino, Hiroaki Nakamura
Download link: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/23259671251397395
Summary: Professional soccer players are exposed to considerable impact on the knee during growth that may affect bone morphology and accessory ossicles. The aim was to identify differences in knee bone morphology, including accessory ossicle development, between soccer players and controls. The soccer group included male professional soccer players (n = 334 knees) who had medical checkups at the authors‘ hospital from 2013 to 2023. Controls were male, age-matched patients at the same hospital (n = 223 knees). Knee radiographs (bilateral anteroposterior, lateral, and sky-line views) were obtained from patients. Each radiograph was evaluated to determine the Insall-Salvati ratio, tuberosity height ratio (THR), posterior tibial slope (PTS), ossicles associated with Osgood-Schlatter disease (OOSDs), Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease, and bipartite patella (BP). The soccer group had a significantly higher THR (0.276), PTS (9.42°), and incidences of OOSD (10.8%) and BP (6.3%) than the control group (0.213, 8.23°, 3.1%, and 0.45%, respectively) (P < .001, P < .001, P = .002, and P = .001, respectively). In the soccer group, THR and PTS were significantly higher on the dominant side (0.289 and 9.84°, respectively) than on the nondominant side (0.269 and 9.0°, respectively) (P = .049 and P = .009, respectively). Elite male soccer players had a larger prominence on the tibial tuberosity, steeper PTS, and higher OOSD and BP incidence. Additionally, they had greater tibial tuberosity prominence and PTS on the dominant side. These findings suggest that repetitive mechanical loading during growth may influence knee bone morphology.
3 Chain-mediated effects of career self-efficacy and career planning between social support and career anxiety in college soccer players
Reference: Front Psychol. 2025 Nov 26:16:1685011. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1685011. eCollection 2025.
Authors: Yu-Juan Feng, Zhen-Yu Zhang, Wei Wang, Wen-Juan Zhang, Guang-Wei Che
Download link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1685011/full
Summary: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the Career Anxiety of Chinese university high-level soccer players, to construct a chain mediation model, and to provide intervention suggestions to alleviate the Career Anxiety of this group. The study used questionnaires and collected 797 valid questionnaires (404 male; 393 female), and used AMOS 21.0 and SPSS 19.0 software for data processing and model testing through hierarchical regression and structural equation modeling. The results showed that: social support had a direct negative effect on Career Anxiety; career choice self-efficacy and career planning mediated between social support and Career Anxiety, respectively; and career choice self-efficacy and career planning together constituted a significant chain mediation effect. The conclusion suggests that improving the social support level, enhancing their career choice self-efficacy and perfecting their career planning ability are the key ways to effectively intervene in Career Anxiety among college high-level soccer players.
4 Benefits of hip arthroscopy surgery for soccer players: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Reference: BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025 Dec 12. doi: 10.1186/s12891-025-09401-5. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Wenbo Zhao, Zihan Zhou, Yang Li, Changquan Wang
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12891-025-09401-5_reference.pdf
Summary: The complex and dynamic biomechanics of soccer significantly increase the susceptibility of the hip joint to injury. While hip arthroscopy is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic modality that facilitates an expedited return to play for athletes, the specific extent of its clinical benefit for soccer players requires further evaluation. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Embase, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Wiley Online were selected as search databases. Case series related to „soccer“ and „hip arthroscopy“ were retrieved. After screening, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tools was used to assess the risk of bias. The differences before and after treatment in modified Hip Harris Score (mHHS) scores, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scores, and Return to Play (RTP) rates were evaluated. This study included 12 case series studies into quantitative analysis, with a total of 361 soccer players. Among them, eight with high-quality and four with moderate quality. The meta-analysis results showed that after receiving hip arthroscopy, patients‘ mHHS scores increased (MD = 28.49, 95%CI [19.23; 37.75], Z = 6.03, P < 0.0001), VAS scores decreased (MD=-4.91, 95%CI [-7.02; -2.80], Z=-4.57, P < 0.0001), and ADL scores increased (MD = 23.59, 95%CI [18.04; 29.14], Z = 8.33, P < 0.0001). Soccer players who underwent hip arthroscopy surgery had an RTP of Proportion = 0.910, 95%CI [0.822; 0.974], a high-level performance RTP ratio of Proportion = 0.71, 95%CI [0.40; 0.90], and a mean return to play time of 6.34, 95%CI [4.50; 8.18] months. Among soccer players with hip injuries, hip arthroscopy surgery is associated with improved hip function, reduced pain levels, enhanced ability to perform daily activities, and a high return-to-sport rate.
5 Effects of small-sided games and dribbling circuit training on physical and technical skills in youth soccer players
Reference: Sci Rep. 2025 Dec 11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-31382-7. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Mohamed Amine Rahmoune, Okba Selmi, Souheir Bouali, Anissa Bouassida, Dan Iulian Alexe, Monira I Aldhahi, Adin Marian Cojocaru, Mirela Ştef, Cristina Ioana Alexe
Download link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-31382-7_reference.pdf
Summary: This study investigated the comparative effects of small-sided games (SSG) and Hoff circuit (HC) training on physical, technical, and psychophysiological parameters in highly trained youth soccer players. Twenty-six youth players from a professional team were randomly allocated to either an SSG group (n = 13, age = 17.53 ± 0.49 years) or an HC group (n = 13, age = 17.54 ± 0.5 years). The six-week intervention comprised two additional training sessions per week alongside regular team training. Pre- and post-program assessments evaluated physical performance (Vameval test, 5-Jump Test, 10 m and 30 m sprints, and Illinois agility test), technical skills (passing accuracy, possession, interceptions, tackling, and heading). Perceptual responses (RPE and PACES) were evaluated after each session. The HC protocol involved a 290 m dribbling circuit performed at 90-95% HRmax, whereas the SSG emphasized ball possession and tactical gameplay under game-like conditions. The results showed that both training modalities significantly improved maximum aerobic speed (MAS) (p < 0.05). However, the SSG group demonstrated superior improvements in sprint performance (10 m and 30 m; p < 0.01) and agility (Illinois test; p < 0.01) compared to the HC group. SSG training was also more effective in enhancing technical skills, particularly passing accuracy (p < 0.05) and interceptions (p < 0.05). No significant between-group differences were observed in heart rate responses (p > 0.05) or RPE (p > 0.05). Notably, SSG participants reported significantly higher enjoyment levels (p < 0.05), suggesting enhanced motivation and training adherence. SSG training offers superior benefits for sprint performance, agility, technical skill development, and player enjoyment compared to circuit-based training in youth soccer players. These findings support the integration of SSG as a primary training methodology for coaches seeking to optimize athletic performance, technical proficiency, and player engagement in youth soccer development programs.
6 Air pollution exposure, health and performance in elite female soccer players
Reference: Front Sports Act Living. 2025 Nov 25:7:1588093. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1588093. eCollection 2025.
Authors: Adam Beavan, Ross Julian, Falk Gogolla, Sascha Härtel, Michael Stephen Koehle
Download link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2025.1588093/full
Summary: Acute exposure to air pollution negatively affects athletes‘ ability to perform at their best, with a more pronounced impact observed in females. Despite this, the representation of female-only cohorts is lacking. This study investigates how exposure to air pollution impacts performance and well-being of an elite female soccer team. Comprehensive data on external, internal, and subjective load variables were combined with the concentrations of three major air pollutants (Particulate Matter >10 µm and Oxidant (Ox = Ozone + Nitrogen Dioxide) during soccer training and matches in the 2022-23 season. Linear mixed-effects models assessed performance parameters such as distance ran, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), accounting for confounding factors such as weather and menstrual cycle phase. No significant impairments in the physical or physiological demands of athletes were observed with increasing pollution concentrations, nor did athletes‘ well-being appear to be disturbed. However, RPE increased by 0.84 units (p < .001) if athletes played soccer when exposed to Ox levels above 98.3 (µg/m3). Interestingly, this undesirable increase in RPE was mitigated if athletes were also exposed to high levels of Ox in the seven sessions leading up to this event (-0.5 units, p < .001). While objective performance measures remained largely unaffected by moderate levels of air pollution, players subjectively experienced a heightened sense of effort. Additionally, an acclimation effect was observed regarding preceding Ox exposure, whereby accounting for pre-event exposure levels to Ox appeared to mitigate the negative impact of high Ox levels on RPE.
7 Starters Experience Greater Weekly Match and Total Loads than Non-Starters in a Professional Female Soccer Team: An Exploratory Analysis Within the A-League Women’s Australian Competition
Reference: Sensors (Basel). 2025 Nov 29;25(23):7290. doi: 10.3390/s25237290.
Authors: Michele Lastella, Nathan Elsworthy, Dean J Miller, Mia Lundquist, Fabio Serpiello, Aaron T Scanlan
Download link: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/23/7290
Summary: Comprehensive weekly load data appears relatively absent in the literature for the professional female soccer population. This exploratory observational study quantified the weekly training, match, and total loads experienced in a professional soccer team and compared these loads according to player role. Data were collected over a full season from 22 players competing in the Australian national A-League Women’s soccer competition. Internal (session-rating of perceived exertion load [session-RPE load]) and external load (total and relative values for total and high-speed running [HSR] distance) data were acquired during on-field training sessions and matches. Players were categorized as starters (started the match) or non-starters (used as a substitute in the match) within each week. Linear mixed models and effect size analyses were used to compare weekly loads between player roles. Weekly match and total load analyses revealed higher (p < 0.001, moderate-to-very large effects) duration, total distance, total HSR distance, and session-RPE load in starters than non-starters. In contrast, relative total and HSR distance in matches were higher (p < 0.001, moderate-to-large effects) in non-starters than in starters. These data provide an initial reference for the weekly loads in this competition, highlighting disparities between player roles that should be considered when developing training and preparation plans. Given the recruitment of a single team and small sample size, future research should extend upon this study to further strengthen the evidence base in this population.
8 The influence of biological maturity status on the German talent pathway in youth elite soccer: Insights into selection biases, differences in playing positions and team performance within national selection tournaments
Reference: J Sports Sci. 2025 Dec 10:1-11. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2025.2601336. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Daniel Leyhr, Dennis Murr, Markus Hirte, Oliver Höner
Summary: Differences in biological maturity status (BMS) during puberty may advantage biologically older players within selection processes. This study examined maturity-related differences across multi-stage selection procedures, playing positions, and the relationship between BMS and team performance within the German Football Association’s U15 national selection tournaments. Anthropometric measurements were collected from N = 695 male regional association team players (M = 14.1 ± 0.3 years), and BMS was assessed via skeletal age using the BAUSport™ ultrasound device. When compared to players‘ expected BMS, a significant large pre-selection bias was observed favouring players with higher BMS to get selected for a regional association team (M = 15.1 ± 1.0, d = 1.19, p < .001). Positional analyses revealed significant differences in BMS (η2 = .14, p < .001) with goalkeepers, defenders, and forwards being biologically older than midfielders. Team performance (points achieved) showed a strong positive correlation with BMS (rs = .71, p < .001). Significant small advantages in maturity-related variables were found for players selected for the extended U15 youth national team squad (0.17 ≤ d ≤ 0.23; p < .05). Position-specific analysis of selection status revealed medium-to-large effects in forwards and goalkeepers with respect to BMS. The findings highlight the critical influence of BMS in multi-stage selection processes and underscore the need for position-specific considerations to ensure fair and developmentally appropriate talent promotion.
9 Force Plate-Derived Isometric Midthigh Pull Data in Girls Youth and Adult Soccer Players: A Comparison Between Age Groups
Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2025 Dec 11. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005337. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Jack T Fahey, Paul Comfort, Nicholas J Ripley
Summary: Expression of maximal and rapid force (i.e., force at 250 ms) is important for sporting success. Despite growing participation rates, injury risk in women soccer remains high. Furthermore, relative strength does not seem to change across age groups with no current data on rapid force production. This study was designed to report net and relative net isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) peak and rapid force for girls youth soccer players. Ninety-four youth soccer players, categorized into Foundation Development Phase (FDP; U11-U12, n = 21, 10.9 ± 0.6 years, 42.8 ± 7.6 kg, 1.49 ± 0.08 m), Youth Development Phase (YDP; U13-U15, n = 35, 13.6 ± 1.0 years, 54.8 ± 7.9 kg, 1.60 ± 0.06 m), and Professional Development Phase (PDP; n = 38, U16-U21, 16.2 ± 1.1 years, 63.4 ± 6.8 kg, 1.67 ± 0.06 m) performed the IMTP. Moderate-to-large differences were observed between FDP vs. YDP and PDP for net peak force, relative net peak force, and relative net force at 250 ms, with no differences between YDP and PDP players, respectively. Small-to-moderate increases in relative net peak force were observed between FDP vs. YDP and PDP. The results of this study highlight that maximal and rapid relative strength plateaus with increasing age. This could be problematic for players aiming to transition to senior and international standards of women’s football and warrants further investigation. Practitioners should design strength and conditioning programs to enhance maximal and rapid relative strength to physically prepare youth players for the increased match-demands associated with increasing age and competition.
10 Differences in Anthropometric Characteristics and Physical Fitness Based on Playing Position in Elite Youth Soccer Players
Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2026 Jan 1;40(1):e41-e49. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005273.
Authors: Alex Ambrosio Rites, Ramdel Caldas Ferreira da Silva, Elton Bicalho de Souza, Rodrigo Peixoto Dos Santos, Verônica Salerno Pinto, Dailson Paulucio, Humberto Miranda, Diego Viana Gomes, Eduardo Lattari
Summary: The purpose was to examine differences in anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness based on playing position in elite youth soccer players, a comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 160 male players in the U13-14, U15-16, and U17-20 categories. The players were grouped as lateral defender (LD), central defender (CD), midfielder (MF), and attacker. During the first visit, anthropometric assessments, squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ) were conducted. On the second visit, 48 hours later, a 20-meter sprint test and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test were performed. Height, body mass, lean mass, vertical jumps, 20 m sprint, and V̇o2max all increased with advancing age (p ≤ 0.001). A main effect of position (p ≤ 0.001) showed that CD had higher stature, body mass, and lean mass than players in other positions. In addition, CD exhibited higher values than LD for SJ and CMJ height (p < 0.05). The U17-20 group exhibited greater SJ and CMJ peak power than the U15-16 and U13-14 groups (p ≤ 0.001 for all comparisons). In addition, CDs outperformed all other positions in SJ peak power and showed higher CMJ peak power than LDs and MFs across all age categories. This study demonstrated that height, body mass, lean mass, vertical jump performance, sprint speed, and V̇o2max all increased with advancing age in youth soccer players. Central defender consistently exhibited higher values for these physical characteristics than players in other positions, including LD, particularly in SJ and CMJ performance.
11 Multimodal imaging of apophyseal avulsion fractures in adolescent soccer players: contributions of plain radiography, power Doppler, and magnetic resonance imaging
Reference: Radiol Bras. 2025 Dec 8:58:e20250059. doi: 10.1590/0100-3984.2025.0059. eCollection 2025 Jan-Dec.
Authors: Roberto Mogami, Claudio Henrique Ivo de Araújo Ribeiro Filho, Eduardo Brown Guedes Dos Santos, André de Almeida Vieira, Lucas Nascimento da Luz, Caio Leal Leidersnaider, Natália Fernandes de Azevedo, Edson Marchiori, Paulo Sérgio Chagas Gomes
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12685293/pdf/rb-58-e20250059.pdf
Summary: The aim was to evaluate, primarily, the accuracy of plain radiography (X-ray) in diagnosing apophyseal avulsion fractures in adolescent soccer players, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the gold standard. As secondary objectives, we investigated associations between findings on X-ray, MRI, and power Doppler, as well as the imaging features that distinguish avulsion fractures from apophysitis. This was an observational cross-sectional study involving 33 male athletes 9-17 years of age with clinical suspicion of an apophyseal avulsion fracture. Imaging examinations were performed within the first 24 h after the trauma. We evaluated diagnostic reproducibility among readers, the accuracy of X-ray compared with MRI, and the associations between findings from different imaging methods. We found that X-ray had an accuracy of 56.0%, with high specificity (71.4%) and positive predictive value (81.8%), although its sensitivity and negative predictive value were relatively low (50.0% and 35.7%, respectively). The power Doppler result was significantly associated with avulsion fractures detected on MRI (p = 0.0144). Avulsion fractures were associated with periphyseal edema and intermuscular fluid collections, while apophysitis was associated with bone marrow edema. X-ray is useful for confirming, but not for excluding, avulsion fractures. Power Doppler and MRI contribute to the differential diagnosis.
12 Shoulder dislocations in professional male football (soccer) do not negatively affect long-term quantitative and qualitative performance parameters: A retrospective analysis of 30 in-match injuries of the German Bundesliga
Reference: J Exp Orthop. 2025 Dec 7;12(4):e70589. doi: 10.1002/jeo2.70589. eCollection 2025 Oct.
Authors: Blanca Julie Degener, Christoph Theil, Georg Gosheger, Patrick May, Jörg Seidel, Tim Schachtrup, Theodoros Zafeiris, Kristian Nikolaus Schneider
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12682226/pdf/JEO2-12-e70589.pdf
Summary: Shoulder dislocations in professional football are increasing and regularly associated with substantial layoff times. However, research on players‘ postinjury performance remains limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether first-time shoulder dislocations negatively affect performance after return to play (RTP) and to determine whether the type of treatment (nonoperative vs. operative) influences post-injury performance outcomes. Retrospective, media-based analysis of all first-time in-match shoulder dislocations in the top two German football leagues (first and second Bundesliga) from the 2012/2013 to 2021/2022 season (n = 30). Quantitative and qualitative performance data, as well as player-, match- and injury-related data were obtained from official databases. The Goalimpact (Goalimpact GmbH), a numerical value representing an individual player’s impact on team success, served as the qualitative parameter. Data were analysed up to 2 years pre-injury and 2 years post-RTP. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. A total of 30 shoulder dislocations in 30 players with a median age of 25 years (Interquartile range [IQR]: 23-26) were available for analysis. Median layoff time was 65 days (IQR: 23-115), 22 days (IQR: 10-34) for those treated conservatively and 112 days (IQR: 92-133; p < 0.001) for players undergoing surgery. Quantitative performance parameters showed a temporary decrease, with fewer matches (p = 0.017) and minutes played (p = 0.004) in the 10 matches following RTP compared to the 10 matches pre-injury. Goalimpact values were initially comparable to pre-injury levels but improved 1 year (131 [IQR: 115-150] vs. 141 [IQR: 122-160]; p = 0.001) and 2 years (127 [IQR: 107-153] vs. 139 [IQR: 124-161]; p < 0.001) after RTP compared to pre-injury. No significant differences in performance were found regarding type of injury or type of treatment, nor were performance outcomes statistically significantly influenced by player’s age, league and position played. Shoulder dislocations in professional football led to a temporary short-term decrease in quantitative performance parameters, while qualitative performance parameters remained initially similar. Type of injury as well as type of treatment, player’s age, league and position played did not significantly influence performance outcomes.
13 Short-term CoQ10 supplementation reduces markers of cardiac stress in soccer players following heavy exercise: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Reference: BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Dec 9. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01456-0. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Mohammad Rahman Rahimi, Aaron B Morton, Hadi Golpasandi, Suren Hassan Salih
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13102-025-01456-0_reference.pdf
Summary: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a vital mitochondrial antioxidant, may enhance cardiovascular recovery and delay fatigue in athletes. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigated CoQ10’s effects on cardiac stress markers and exercise performance in 16 professional soccer players. Participants received either CoQ10 (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8) for 30 days and completed exhaustive aerobic cycling tests pre- and post-supplementation. Blood samples were collected at six time points to analyze GDF-15, NT-proBNP, and hs-TnT levels. In the CoQ10 group, GDF-15 rose post-exercise (PreEx1-PostEx1: +8.84%, p = 0.003; PreEx2-PostEx2: +5.37%, p = 0.001) but declined by 24 h post-Ex1 (- 5.28%, p = 0.003) and 24 h post-Ex2 (-6.62%, p = 0.001) compared to post-Ex1 & post-Ex2, respectively. NT-proBNP increased post-Ex1 (19.66%, p = 0.001), post-Ex2 (12.09%, p = 0.001) but decreased in 24 h-Ex1 (- 20.28%, p = 0.001), 24 h-Ex2 (-20.83%, p = 0.001) compared to post-Ex1&Ex2, respectively. Following a 31.18% increase post-Ex1, a smaller 23.65% increase was observed post-Ex2 in hs-TnT levels, however, decreases of -19.57 and – 32.20% were observed 24 h- postEx1&Ex2 compared to post-Ex1&Ex2, (p = 0.001 for all). Time to fatigue (TTF) improved post-supplementation (- 0.5%, p = 0.002), whereas the placebo showed no change (- 0.08%, p = 0.793). CoQ10 supplementation significantly reduced post-exercise cardiac stress markers (GDF-15, NT-proBNP, hs-TnT) and improved TTF in athletes. These findings suggest potential associations with reduced cardiac stress responses to exercise, but further studies are required to confirm the clinical significance and long-term effects of CoQ10 supplementation on cardiovascular health in athletes.
14 Effects of neuromuscular versus plyometric training on physical fitness and mental well-being in male pubertal soccer players
Reference: Sci Rep. 2025 Dec 8;15(1):43393. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-30142-x.
Authors: Achraf Hammami, Abdelkader Mahmoudi, Walid Selmi, Yassine Negra, Haithem Rebai, Urs Granacher, Raouf Hammami
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12689855/pdf/41598_2025_Article_30142.pdf
Summary: Neuromuscular training (NMT) and plyometric training (PT) are commonly used during long-term athlete development, yet their relative effects on physical fitness and mental well-being are not fully understood. This study compared 8 weeks of NMT versus PT on physical fitness, mental well-being, emotional intelligence, and attention in pubertal male soccer players and explored associations between training-induced changes in these domains. Twenty-four male soccer players (12.3-12.5 years, circa-peak height velocity: – 0.7 to – 0.8) were randomly assigned to NMT or PT. Both groups trained twice weekly in addition to regular soccer practice. NMT included balance, strength, plyometric, change-of-direction, and agility exercises, while PT focused on bilateral and unilateral jump-landing drills. Training volumes were matched. Physical fitness tests included the five-time jump test, 20-m sprint, and 15-m change-of-direction speed test. Mental well-being outcomes included cognitive and somatic anxiety, self-confidence, attention, and emotional intelligence. PT led to larger improvements in jump, sprint, and change-of-direction speed performances, whereas NMT produced greater gains in self-confidence, anxiety regulation, attention, and emotional intelligence. A graphical summary illustrates the distinct physical and psychological adaptations to PT and NMT, highlighting their complementary nature. The observed fitness improvements significantly correlated with changes in psychological outcomes. These findings suggest that strength and conditioning professionals should prioritize PT when aiming to enhance physical fitness and NMT when targeting psychological well-being, supporting a holistic approach to athletic development in pubertal soccer players.
15 Influence of Competitive Match Play on Countermovement Jump Performance, Lower-Limb Isometric Strength, and Self-Reported Subjective Measures 40 hours Postmatch in Professional Soccer
Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2025 Dec 5. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005283. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Irvin Mukandi, Chris Bishop, Anthony Turner, Marco Beato
Summary: This study investigated the impact of competitive match play on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, hamstrings and adductor isometric strength, and subjective self-reported measures 40 hours postcompetitive match play in professional soccer players. Twenty-eight professional players completed baseline assessments during preseason. Assessment 40 hours postmatch was limited to players who played ≥60 minutes, with players grouped into 2 categories based on minutes played: 60-89 minutes or 90-110 minutes. Baseline measures for subjective self-reported measures were collected 24 hours before each match. Across both groups, significant reductions (p < 0.05) were observed in all outcome, ratio, and driver metrics except for eccentric mean force. All strategy metrics significantly increased (p < 0.05). Minutes played and match demands were not significantly associated with CMJ performance (τb = -0.07 to 0.16 and τb = -0.28 to 0.00, respectively). Prone isometric 0° showed nonsignificant reductions (p > 0.05) in both conditions with trivial to small effects. Significant reductions (p < 0.05) were observed for both conditions for the supine 90° hamstring test, however minutes played, and match demands were not significantly associated with a reduction in performance (τb = -0.04 to -0.01 and τb = -0.27 to 0.21). Short lever hip adduction results showed nonsignificant reductions (p > 0.05) in the 60-89 minutes group, but significant decreases (p < 0.001) were observed for the dominant limb, nondominant limb, and total score in the 90-110 minutes condition. However, minutes played and match demands were not significantly associated with reduction in adductor isometric strength (τb = 0.18-0.22 and τb = -0.15 to 0.11). Subjective measures revealed significant reductions in sleep quality (p < 0.05) and composite scores (p < 0.001), and significant increases in muscle soreness (p < 0.001) across both conditions. Mood was only significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the 90-110 minutes condition. No significant associations were found between minutes played, match demand, and self-reported subjective scores (τb = -0.07 to 0.05 and τb = -0.09 to 0.00).
16 The Effects of In-Season Complex Contrast Training on Anaerobic Performance Metrics in Elite Female Soccer Players
Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2025 Dec 5. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005371. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Mariola Gepfert, Artur Terbalyan, Robert Roczniok, Artur Gołaś
Download link: https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/9900/the_effects_of_in_season_complex_contrast_training.846.aspx
Summary: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of in-season complex contrast training (CCT) on speed, power, and anaerobic capacity metrics in elite female soccer players. Twenty-one players participated in a 3-phase study conducted across the postpreparatory period, midseason, and postseason. Testing included countermovement jump, single-leg jump, 5 and 30 m sprints, and the repeated anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Weekly complex training sessions combined resistance exercises with plyometric drills. Significant improvements were observed in anaerobic performance midseason compared with the preparatory phase (RAST 1, p = 0.0073, d [Cohen’s d ES] = 0.45; 30 m sprint, p = 0.0073, d = 0.81), followed by performance declines at the end of the season. Peak RAST metrics improved significantly midseason (e.g., RAST 2, p = 0.025, d = 0.81; RAST 3, p = 0.0083, d = 0.95), but no changes were observed for concentric peak velocity (p = 0.98) or rate of force development (p = 0.37). The findings demonstrate that complex contrast training effectively enhances power and anaerobic performance during the midseason but may require strategic load management to mitigate late-season fatigue-related declines. A single weekly session of CCT seems sufficient to maintain, and in some instances improve, physical performance across the season. However, without a comparison group, it is unclear whether it is more or less effective than other training methods.
17 The effect of continuous vs. intermittent protocols during small-sided games in soccer on physiological, physical, technical and tactical performance
Reference: Front Sports Act Living. 2025 Nov 20:7:1722658. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1722658. eCollection 2025.
Authors: Michael C Rumpf, Johannes Jäger, Matthias Lochmann
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12675327/pdf/fspor-07-1722658.pdf
Summary: Small-sided games (SSG) are a common part of the soccer practice and coaching regularly utilize continuous (CSSG) or intermittent games (ISSG). Interestingly, players enjoy the CSSG format to a greater extent, whilst experiencing greater individual perceived exertion (RPE) and higher blood lactate concentration. CSSG reported a decrease in maximal and average heart rate and lower time spent in high heart rate zones (>90% maximum heart rate). Players experienced lower physical strain during CSSG. Variables associated with higher external load such as total distance, total number of sprints, and distances in high-intensity speed thresholds (>14.4 km/h) as well as player load and acceleration variables decreased during CSSG. Little research opposes this idea reporting increased physical demands with the identical variables. The technical performances of players in the two different regimes showed also significant differences. The CSSG reported lower technical engagement (decreased ball involvement, number of dribbling and interceptions). However, yet displaying greater technical efficiency (lower percentage of lost balls, greater percentage successful passes). There is no scientific evidence with regards to tactical differences between the CSSG and ISSG. Depending on the time in the season and the level of players, coaches should favor ISSG promoting greater physical and technical development.
18 Electromyography activity of posterior oblique sling muscles during high-speed running in elite soccer players: risk factors for hamstring injury
Reference: BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Dec 7. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01466-y. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Masoud Sebyani, Hooman Minoonejad, Elham Shirzad, Mohammad Hossein Alizadeh, Javad Sarvestan
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13102-025-01466-y_reference.pdf
Summary: This study examined how changing Posterior Oblique Sling muscles (POS) activity during the Prone Hip Extension (PHE) test can influence the activity of POS muscles and the risk of hamstring injury during high-speed running. Twenty-four male soccer players were divided into Non-Delayed (NDG, N = 13) and Delayed groups (DG, N = 11) (delay in activation of hamstring and gluteus maximus) based on activity patterns of POS muscles (Gluteus Maximus (GM), Hamstring muscles (H), and contralateral Lumbar Erector Spine (CLES)) during the PHE test. Then, they ran on a treadmill at 20 Km/h, and muscle activity of these muscles was recorded. Before recording muscle activity, we omitted participants with limited range of motion (ROM) to eliminate the effect of ROM on muscle activity patterns. Results showed that GM activities were significantly higher in the NDG at 7-10% of the running cycle, while the DG had greater GM activities at 55-62%. Semitendinosus (ST) activities were significantly higher in the DG at 45-70%, and the NDG exhibited greater ST activities at 95-100%. Biceps Femoris (BF) activities were significantly higher in the DG at 0-15% and 95-100%, while the NDG had higher BF activity at 45-62%. BF -to-GM activity ratio was significantly higher in the DG at 7-11%, and BF -to-Contralateral Lumbar Erector Spine (CLES) activity ratio was higher in the NDG at 52-55%. Athletes in DG may have different POS muscle activity patterns compared to NDG, which may increase hamstring injury risk compared to the NDG due to observed activity patterns.
19 Outcomes of cardiac screening in elite para-football players in the United Kingdom
Reference: Br J Sports Med. 2025 Dec 12:bjsports-2025-110406. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2025-110406. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Kentaro Yamagata, Richard Weiler, Raghav T Bhatia, Jamie S McPhee, Charlotte M Cowie, Sanjay Sharma, Aneil Malhotra
Summary: Studies to date have under-represented cardiac characteristics of para athletes, despite their unique cardiovascular physiology and risks. This study examined the cardiac electrical and structural characteristics and outcomes of pre-participation cardiac screening in elite para-football players. Between 2011 and 2024, 156 consecutive para-football players underwent pre-participation evaluation comprising a health questionnaire, 12-lead ECG and echocardiogram. Players with symptoms or abnormal preliminary investigations were evaluated further, including exercise testing and cardiac MRI. Findings were compared with 1000 consecutive sex-matched and ethnicity-matched non-para-football players. Mean follow-up was 4.7±3.1 years. The mean age of para-football players was 21.2±5.2 years. The majority were male (71.2%) and white ethnicity (84%), followed by mixed-race (7.1%), Asian (4.5%) and Afro-Caribbean (3.8%) ethnicity. Para-football players reported cardiac symptoms more frequently and required more follow-up than non-para players (14.7% vs 6.6%; p=0.001). Para players demonstrated less sinus bradycardia (35.3% vs 44.5%; p=0.037) and a similar prevalence of abnormal T-wave inversion (1.9% vs 3.0%; p=0.622). A short PR interval was observed in 4.5% of para players compared with 0.5% of non-para players (p<0.001), although QTc intervals were similar between the two groups (402±24 ms vs 399±19 ms; p=0.138). Four (2.6%) para-football players received diagnoses associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD) versus three (0.3%) non-para players (p=0.005). Six (3.8%) para-football players were diagnosed with minor cardiovascular conditions versus 1.8% non-para players (p=0.17). In total, 10 (6.4%) para-football players were diagnosed with cardiac pathology versus 21 (2.1%) non-para-football players (p=0.005), all of whom required management or were kept under surveillance. No SCD events occurred over 4.7±3.1 years of follow-up in para-football players. In this study, para-football players were three times more likely to be diagnosed with a cardiac condition requiring management and/or surveillance compared with non-para players. Moreover, para-football players had a higher prevalence of serious cardiac disease associated with SCD. Cardiac screening inclusive of ECG is warranted in this growing cohort of athletes.
20 Relationship between lower extremity alignment, adductor longus muscle architecture and anaerobic power parameters in adolescent football players
Reference: Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2025 Dec 11;27(3):93-101. doi: 10.37190/abb/209793. Print 2025 Sep 1.
Authors: Sergen Devran, Erdinç Genç, Ali Alp, Gökhan Metin
Summary: The aim was to examine the relationship between the frontal plane alignment of the lower extremity, adductor longus muscle architecture (cross-sectional area and thickness), and anaerobic power capacity. Football players aged 14-16 joined the study and were evaluated for lower extremity alignment in the frontal plane radiographs. We examined adductor longus muscle thickness and cross-sectional area on both sides with ultrasound. To evaluate anaerobic power capacity, we did a 30-second Wingate test. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed. 27 football players were enrolled in the study. The anatomical axis angle of the right side was 2.85 ± 1.75, and left side was 2.67 ± 1.62. A positive and strong correlation was found between both side muscle cross-sectional area and maximum and average power (right: r = 0.829, p < 0.001; r = 0.851, p < 0.001, left: r = 0.742, p < 0.001; r = 0.789, p < 0.001, respectively), and the right and left muscle thickness and the maximum and average power (right: r = 0.678, p < 0.001; r = 0.717, p < 0.001, left: r = 0.714, p < 0.001; r = 0.741, p < 0.001, respectively). The multiple regression analysis found that average power could be assessed with right and left axis angles, right muscle cross-sectional area, age, body mass index, and career duration. The analysis showed that these variables accounted for 80.3% of the variability in the average power (F (6,20) =13.558, p < 0.001). Same independent variables could explain 77.6% of the variability in the maximum power (F (6,20) = 11.577, p < 0.001). Muscle thickness and cross-sectional area strongly correlate with average and maximum power. The cross-sectional area and lower extremity alignment angle in the dominant leg could be used to estimate anaerobic power outputs.
21 Could walking football improve women’s quality of life throughout the menopause? An exploration of perimenopausal walking footballers in Scotland
Reference: BMC Womens Health. 2025 Dec 11. doi: 10.1186/s12905-025-04158-4. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Laura Wallace
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12905-025-04158-4_reference.pdf
22 Different games, different rules: what is the best way to manage heading in para football?
Reference: Br J Sports Med. 2025 Dec 11:bjsports-2025-110387. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2025-110387. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Richard Weiler, Kristina Fagher, Alice Berntsson, Osman Hassan Ahmed
Download link: https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/early/2025/12/10/bjsports-2025-110387.full.pdf
23 Motor Imagery Ability and Motor Imagery Perspective Among Professional Football Players
Reference: Healthcare (Basel). 2025 Nov 25;13(23):3045. doi: 10.3390/healthcare13233045.
Authors: George Plakoutsis, Eleftherios Paraskevopoulos, Georgios Krekoukias, Anna Christakou, Maria Papandreou
Download link: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/13/23/3045
Summary: Motor Imagery (MI) refers to the mental simulation of movement without physical execution and activates brain areas involved in motor control. Its use in sports rehabilitation is growing due to its potential to promote recovery, reduce fear of re-injury, and maintain neuromuscular engagement. However, the relationship between MI vividness and preferred imagery perspective remains underexplored in professional athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a structured MI intervention on imagery vividness-across internal visual (IVI), external visual (EVI), and kinesthetic (KVI) perspectives-during rehabilitation in professional football players. Fifty-eight professional football players (aged 18-35) recovering from lateral ankle sprains were randomly assigned to an MI group (guided imagery audio) or a Relaxation comparison group (relaxation instructions). Both followed a standardized 4-week physiotherapy program. MI vividness was assessed over six sessions using the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2). A mixed ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time, with both groups showing improved imagery vividness across sessions (reduced VMIQ-2 scores). No significant time × group interaction was observed, indicating similar improvement patterns. Among the three perspectives, IVI showed the most pronounced improvement. Repeated engagement with cognitive protocols, even without explicit MI instruction, appears to enhance imagery vividness during rehabilitation. The findings highlight the relevance of internal visual imagery for professional athletes recovering from injury and support the integration of MI-based techniques in physiotherapy programs.
24 Passing the test: A standardised passing drill provides a valid assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness in senior football players
Reference: J Sports Sci. 2025 Dec 10:1-10. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2025.2595405. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Tzlil Shushan, Ric Lovell, Shaun J McLaren
Summary: This study examined the concurrent and criterion validity of a football-specific intermittent-variable submaximal fitness test (SMFT) as an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. Eighteen male senior football players were monitored over a 12-week period using a repeated measures design. Each week, a standardised Y-shape passing drill (practical SMFT) was administered immediately following a 4-min continuous run (criterion SMFT), with exercise heart rate (HRex) measured during both protocols. Laboratory-derived measures of cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed at the start and end of this period. The within-player correlation between HRex from the two SMFTs was large, with a clear improvement in the relationship (Δ r ≈0.2) and model fit (χ2 = 52.1, p < 0.001; adjusted vs unadjusted model statistics: marginal-R2 = 0.56 vs 0.29, Akaike information criterion = 434.8 vs 477.0, root mean square error = 1.63 vs 2.21%-points of HRmax) after adjusting for passing drill total and high-speed running distances. Adjusted HRex values from the passing drill showed stronger associations (r ≈-0.70 vs -0.35) with maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic speed. A Y-shape passing drill offers a valid and practical assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness within the SMFT framework. We provide a method to guide practitioners in adjusting HRex for external training load, thereby improving agreement with criterion SMFT running protocols.
25 Dental health status of professional football players during the Qatar 2023 AFC Asian Cup: a preliminary study
Reference: Res Sports Med. 2025 Dec 8:1-13. doi: 10.1080/15438627.2025.2599859. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Mohammed Alsaey, Dania Almasri, Montassar Tabben, Marco Cardinale, Abdulaziz Alkuwari, Gurcharan Singh Amar Singh, Atef Hashem
Summary: Oral health is increasingly recognized as an important factor influencing athletic performance and overall quality of life; however, limited data are available on elite football players in Asia. This cross-sectional clinical study evaluated the oral health status of professional players participating in the Asian Football Cup held in Qatar between January and February 2023. Three calibrated dentists conducted standardized clinical examinations on 70 randomly selected players (mean age: 26.8 years) using the DMFT, BPE, and BEWE indices to assess dental caries, periodontal health, erosive tooth wear, wisdom teeth status, trauma, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Dental caries was present in 85.7% of players (mean DED = 5.6), and 77.1% had restorations. Gingivitis affected 82.9%, while 12.9% showed signs of periodontitis. Tooth erosion was detected in 88.6%, with 10% classified as high risk. Partially erupted wisdom teeth were identified in 38.6%, pericoronitis in 7.1%, sports-related trauma in 30%, and TMJ disorders in 21.4%. These findings highlight a substantial oral disease burden and support integrating preventive dental care into routine athlete health programs.
26 Normative Data for Physical Activity and Heart Rate Metrics of Recreational Football Among the General Male Population-The Football Cooperative Initiative
Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2025 Dec 5. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005349. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Eoin Everard, Paula Carroll, Sarah Doherty, Michael Harrison, Peter Krustrup
Download link: https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/9900/normative_data_for_physical_activity_and_heart.861.aspx
Summary: Owing to established benefits associated with recreational football, there has been increased focus on developing the concept of Football is Medicine. This is leading to the development of more formalized and larger scale recreational football initiatives in general populations, such as the Football Cooperative (FC) in Ireland. The aim of this study was to determine the physical activity and heart rate (HR) metrics of FC games and to compare these metrics between the 2 FC game sites. One hundred two men (age: 37.4 ± 8.5 years, height: 176.2 ± 18.2 cm, body mass: 90.6 ± 21.5 kg) volunteered for this study. The games were 9 vs. 9 and 30 minutes per half on an astroturf pitch (36.5 × 27.5 m). Global Positioning Systems and chest-strap HR monitors were used to measure physical activity and HR metrics, respectively. Subjects ran an average of 6,632 m with 32 accelerations per session. Furthermore, subjects had a HRmean of 77% of their peak HR achieved during matches (Match-HRpeak) and played 81% of the time above 70% Match-HRpeak, 52% above 80% Match-HRpeak, and 23% above 90% Match-HRpeak. Despite a mean age difference of 10 years between the 2 sites, the only significant physical activity differences between sites were maximum speed and high-speed running. This was the first study to provide normative data for HR and physical activity metrics related to a 9 vs. 9 recreational football initiative. The results show recreational football provides a training stimulus in relation to HR metrics and distances covered that is to the upper ranges of recommended exercise guidelines.
27 The management of lateral meniscus pathology does not affect anterior cruciate ligament revision rates in football players, but affect rates in other athletes: Long-term data from the Swedish Knee Ligament Registry
Reference: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2025 Dec 7. doi: 10.1002/ksa.70216. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Jonas Olsson Wållgren, James A Pruneski, Alfred Ferré-Aniorte, Alfred Wennerström, Eric Hamrin Senorski, Kristian Samuelsson
Download link: https://esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ksa.70216
Summary: The aim was to investigate whether the treatment method of a concomitant lateral meniscus (LM) injury during primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) affects ACL revision rates in football (soccer) players, nonfootball pivoting athletes and nonpivoting patients differentially, when compared to controls. Data from the Swedish Knee Ligament Registry (SKLR) from 2005 to 2022 were used in univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The study compared two groups: patients with isolated ACLR and patients with ACLR and concomitant LM injury. These groups were further divided into activity type during injury (football, nonfootball pivoting and nonpivoting), as well as meniscal treatment type (repair, resection and left in situ). The outcome of interest was the ipsilateral ACL revision rate at 5 and 10 years after primary ACLR, when comparing the LM treatments among different activities at the time of injury. Five-year data were available for 21,848 patients, and 10-year data were available for 10,827 patients. Football players had higher odds of revision ACLR at 5 (odds ratio [OR]: 1.51 [1.34-1.72]; p < 0.0001) and 10 years (OR: 1.51 [1.27-1.79]; p < 0.0001). When compared to isolated ACLR in nonfootball pivoting athletes, nonfootball pivoting athletes with concomitant LM injury left in situ had higher odds of revision ACLR at 5 years (OR: 1.87 [1.07-3.30]; p = 0.0029) and 10 years (OR: 2.50 [1.18-5.29]; p = 0.017). Additionally, nonpivoting patients with concomitant LM injury left in situ had higher odds of revision ACLR at 10 years (OR: 2.34 [1.03-5.34]; p = 0.043) compared to nonpivoting patients undergoing isolated ACLR. Repair or resection of LM injuries were not associated with increased rates of revision ACLR in any of the study groups (p > 0.05). LM tears left untreated increased the odds of revision ACLR in nonfootball playing patients in the current study. However, in football players, who were observed to have increased odds of failure, there were no significant associations between LM management and revision ACLR.