As previous literature updates, I have performed a PubCrawler search looking for football articles in NCBI Medline (PubMed) and GenBank databases.

Following studies were retrieved for this week:

1 The impact of chronic low back pain and motor control impairment on athletic performance in elite soccer players: a cross-sectional study

Reference: BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025 Aug 12;26(1):781. doi: 10.1186/s12891-025-09023-x.
Authors: C Akkuş, A Demirel
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12344918/pdf/12891_2025_Article_9023.pdf
Summary: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) and motor control impairment (MCI) are common among soccer players, yet their direct impact on key athletic performance metrics remains unclear. Understanding these relationships is critical for optimizing training, rehabilitation, and injury prevention strategies in elite athletes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate CLBP and MCI’s impact on elite soccer players‘ athletic performance. This cross-sectional study included 60 elite soccer players (Mean ± SD; Age: 17.93 ± 2.15 years, BMI: 21.64 ± 1.56 kg/m², Training Age: 8.68 ± 2.51 years), categorized into three groups: CLBP (n = 16), diagnosed by a physician; MCI (n = 28), identified using the Motor Control Test Battery; and a healthy control group (n = 16). Pain intensity in the CLBP group was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Athletic performance was evaluated using objective tests for agility, speed, power, and static and dynamic balance. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The CLBP group reported moderate pain levels (Mean ± SD, VAS: 4.04 ± 1.17). No statistically significant differences in agility, speed, power, or balance were observed among the CLBP, MCI, and control groups (p > 0.05). Moderate CLBP and MCI did not significantly impair the athletic performance of elite soccer players. These findings suggest elite athletes may develop compensatory adaptations to maintain performance despite neuromuscular impairments. Future research should investigate the long-term consequences of these conditions on athletic longevity and injury risk.

2 Comparative analysis of morning and evening training on performance and well-being in elite soccer players

Reference: Physiol Rep. 2025 Aug;13(15):e70510. doi: 10.14814/phy2.70510.
Authors: Okba Selmi, Mohamed Amine Rahmoune, Anissa Bouassida, Santo Marsigliante, Antonella Muscella
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12339409/pdf/PHY2-13-e70510.pdf
Summary: The purpose of the study was to determine how training at different times of day affects soccer players‘ performance, mood, and physiological responses. Twenty male professional soccer players participated in the study, which involved small-sided games (SSGs) conducted in both morning and evening sessions. Players‘ mood states, perceived exertion, heart rate, and performance metrics were measured to assess the impact of circadian rhythms on their physical and psychological responses. Results showed significantly higher HRmean (p = 0.025) and %HRmax (p = 0.022) and significantly lower blood lactate concentration (p = 0.015) in the morning. Despite similar perceived exertion and recovery scores, players reported greater enjoyment in evening sessions (p = 0.0008). Mood states were more favorable in the evening, with significantly lower levels of stress (p = 0.007), fatigue (p = 0.009), and muscle soreness (p = 0.012). The Hooper’s Index was also markedly lower in the evening (p = 0.0008). Evening performance was superior, with significantly more ball interceptions (p = 0.033), successful passes (p = 0.0004), and ball possession recoveries (p = 0.025), alongside fewer lost balls in the evening compared to the morning (p = 0.008). In conclusion, the study demonstrates that time of day significantly influences both psychological and physical responses in professional soccer players, with evening sessions leading to a more favorable mood and better performance. These findings support the consideration of circadian rhythms when scheduling training and matches to optimize athletic outcomes.

3 Fédération Internationale de Football Association 11+ Kids Program Improves Dynamic Balance in Youth Female Soccer Players-A Pilot Study

Reference: J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2025 Aug 8. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-25-00010. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Jordan Jackson, Jordan Ankersen, Bradley Lambert, Corbin Hedt, Haley Goble, Brendan Holderread, Lucila Beuses, Shari Liberman
Summary: Lower extremity injuries are common in youth soccer players. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ Kids program is a neuromuscular training program designed to improve physical performance and reduce injury risk in youth soccer athletes; however, it has not been evaluated in female youth athletes who are at elevated risk for injury compared with their male counterparts. The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the impact of the FIFA 11+ Kids program on strength, balance, and agility in youth female soccer players aged 8 to 11 years. We hypothesized that all measures would improve in the intervention group compared with age-matched controls. Twenty-six female soccer players from local competitive soccer clubs (age: 8 to 11 years) were randomized into the FIFA 11+ Kids (n = 14) and CONTROL (n = 12) groups. The FIFA 11+ Kids group completed training twice a week for 8 weeks. Both groups received pre- and postintervention assessments for strength (gluteus medius [glute]; quadriceps [quad]), dynamic balance (Y-balance test [YBT]), hopping, kinetic-jump-testing, and agility. A 2 × 2 analysis of covariance repeated on time and covaried on baseline values was used to compare measures within group and between the groups. Correlation analysis evaluated the relationship between age and baseline test performance. Type I error was set at ∝ = 0.05. Glute:quad strength ratio increased in the FIFA 11+ Kids group compared with CONTROL (P = 0.006) and baseline (P = 0.001). Postintervention YBT posteromedial and posterolateral reach increased compared with the control group (P < 0.05), whereas posteromedial reach also increased compared with baseline (P = 0.021). Age correlated with quad strength (r = 0.649, P < 0.001), cross hop distance (r = 0.463, P = 0.017), pro-agility time (r = -0.569, P = 0.002), 6-m hop time (r = -0.547, P = 0.004), and three kinetic jump testing measures (r = 0.451 to 0.515, P < 0.01). Age did not correlate with YBT outcomes. The FIFA 11+ Kids program may improve components of strength and dynamic balance in youth female soccer players, indicating the value of including it in regular training for this population.

4 The motivational climate perceived by young soccer players regarding their coaches, parents, and peers on sport optimal functioning: a cluster analysis

Reference: Front Psychol. 2025 Jul 25:16:1564391. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1564391. eCollection 2025.
Authors: Natalia Martínez-González, Francisco L Atienza-González, Lorena González-García, Isabel Balaguer
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12333387/pdf/fpsyg-16-1564391.pdf
Summary: The aim of this study was (a) to describe the perceived motivational climate profiles created by coaches, parents, and peers of young football players, and (b) to analyse the implications of these profiles on goal orientations, motivation, psychological needs, and indicators of well- and ill-being. The participants were 876 football players (M = 13.57; SD = 1.17) who completed a multi-section questionnaire at the beginning of the sports season. Cluster analyses identified four profiles (empowering, disempowering, high mixed, low mixed) based on youth perceptions of empowering and disempowering climates created by coaches, parents, and peers. Multivariate analyses, controlling for gender and age, revealed that those young players categorized in the most adaptive profiles (high empowering climates and low disempowering climates) demonstrated optimal functioning, including task orientation, higher autonomous motivation, need satisfaction, and vitality. Conversely, those in the most maladaptive profile (low empowering climates and high disempowering climates) experienced the worst consequences (high levels of ego orientation, controlled motivation, no motivation, need frustration, physical and emotional exhaustion). Regarding mixed profiles, although the analyses reveal that combining empowering and disempowering behaviors limits the benefits of empowering climates, and low involvement hinders athletes‘ development, future explorations are necessary to better interpret these profiles. As a whole, the results highlight the importance of considering the combined roles of coaches, parents, and peers, and suggest that interventions aimed at fostering empowering behaviors and reducing disempowering ones across these social agents may help support youth athletes‘ optimal functioning.

5 Call It When You See It: Major League Soccer Organization and Pediatric Hospital Team Up for Anti-Bullying Program

Reference: Mo Med. 2025 Jul-Aug;122(4):310-314.
Authors: Ram Chettiar
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12331313/pdf/ms122_p0310.pdf
Summary: Bullying remains a widespread social issue in the United States (US). Those who bully, are bullied, or witness bullying may experience negative emotional and physical consequences.1 To address the gap in accessible youth bullying interventions, Children’s Mercy Kansas City partnered with Sporting Kansas City to develop Red Card KC, a bullying awareness program focusing on the impact of bystanders in bullying situations. The program is delivered to school and community partners through interactive assemblies educating youth on recognizing bullying, managing bullying situations, and standing up against bullying. Red Card KC has also partnered with schools to recognize and celebrate students who show kindness within their schools and communities. By targeting bystanders in bullying situations, the Red Card KC program empowers youth to come together in the fight against bullying.

6 Sport-specific differences in ACL injury, treatment and return to sports: Football

Reference: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2025 Aug 15. doi: 10.1002/ksa.12803. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Werner Krutsch, Dominik Szymski, Johannes Rüther, Volker Musahl, Alberto Grassi, Thomas Tischer, Markus Gesslein
Download link: https://esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ksa.12803
Summary: The management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures is carried out differently in prevention, treatment and rehabilitation for athletes than for non-athletes. However, different approaches to managing ACL ruptures are also discussed in different sports. This narrative review includes first time the current situation of ACL management in football by experiences from the practical routine as well as from scientific reports. No other sport shows such high number of literature reports and sufficient scientific evidence in the management of ACL ruptures like football and this article provides a football specific overview in prevention, treatment and return to sports strategies. These scientific reports underline the surgical treatment of ACL ruptures in football player and show a high sustainability and return to sports rate. However, reports from football show that despite good knowledge, the implementation of sustainable prevention and rehabilitation is difficult and needs improvement. 

7 Effectiveness of a Nutrition Education Programme on Nutritional Knowledge in Young Football Players: A Pilot Study

Reference: Nutrients. 2025 Jul 23;17(15):2404. doi: 10.3390/nu17152404.
Authors: Filipa Vicente, Leandro Anastácio, Andreia Monteiro, José Brito, Renata Ramalho, Paula Pereira
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12348160/pdf/nutrients-17-02404.pdf
Summary: Adequate nutrition is fundamental to the health and performance of young athletes. However, many fail to meet nutritional recommendations. Nutrition education programmes are promising, cost-effective strategies for improving dietary habits. However, research gaps persist, coupled with notable variability amongst the intervention programmes targeting youth athletes. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional knowledge of Portuguese youth athletes and to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutrition education programme in improving football players‘ understanding of a healthy diet. Participants were recruited from a local football club through public announcement. Male youth football players aged 13 to 18 years, training at least 3 times per week and competing regularly over the past six months, were eligible. The baseline assessment included anthropometric measurements, an assessment of the adherence to the Mediterranean diet using the KIDMED questionnaire, and an assessment of general and sports nutrition knowledge via a structured questionnaire. Following the intervention-comprising three face-to-face educational sessions and two digital infographics-the KIDMED and nutrition knowledge questionnaires were re-administered. A sample of 38 male footballers were eligible for this study. Most participants exhibited a healthy body weight, with a corresponding adequate body composition. The mean KIDMED score indicated moderate adherence to the Mediterranean diet with no statistically significant difference between the baseline and post-intervention (6.79 ± 1.52 versus 6.97 ± 2.01, p > 0.05). There was a significant enhancement in overall nutrition knowledge, accompanied by notable improvements in the comprehension of macro- and micronutrient sources and sports nutrition principles. This pilot programme proved effective in enhancing young football players‘ knowledge of nutrient sources and sports nutrition.

8 Italian Guidelines for Cardiological Evaluation in Competitive Football Players: A Detailed Review of COCIS Protocols

Reference: Healthcare (Basel). 2025 Aug 7;13(15):1932. doi: 10.3390/healthcare13151932.
Authors: Umile Giuseppe Longo, Georg Ahlbaumer, Roberto Vannicelli, Emanuele Gregorace, Davide Ortolina, Guido Nicodemi, Daniele Altieri, Arianna Carnevale, Silvia Carucci, Alessandra Colella, Francesco Scalfaro, Erika Lemme
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12345988/pdf/healthcare-13-01932.pdf
Summary: Medical clearance for competitive sports is vital to safeguarding athletes‘ health, particularly in high-intensity disciplines like football. In Italy, fitness assessments follow stringent protocols set by the Commissione di Vigilanza per il controllo dell’Idoneità Sportiva (COCIS), with a strong focus on cardiovascular screening. The primary goal is to prevent sudden cardiac death (SCD), a rare but catastrophic event in athletes. This paper provides an in-depth narrative review of the 2023 COCIS guidelines, examining the cardiological screening process, required diagnostic tests, management of identified cardiovascular conditions, and the protocols‘ role in reducing SCD risk. Comparisons with international standards underscore the effectiveness of the Italian approach. The COCIS 2023 guidelines provide clear, evidence-based protocols for cardiovascular risk assessment, significantly enhancing athlete safety and reducing the incidence of SCD in high-intensity sports.

9 The speed dynamics of different sprint and acceleration exercises applied during football training

Reference: Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 12;15(1):29543. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-04641-w.
Authors: Ricardo Pimenta, Filipe Maia, Hugo Silva, Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12343760/pdf/41598_2025_Article_4641.pdf
Summary: Sprinting actions are related to decisive moments of the match and impose severe fatigue levels on football players, and are often preceded by lower intensity running patterns or walking on the field. This study aimed to compare the effects of different exercise drills on speed and acceleration dynamics. Forty Under-19 and Under-23 soccer players participated in different sprint drill conditions, quantifying their distance covered in various speed intensities covering high-speed running and sprinting patterns and their peak acceleration. The speed drills were compared across different conditions: LS30m (30 m Linear Sprint), LS40m (40 m Linear Sprint), 15BR + LS30m (15 m Bounding Run + 30 m Sprint), 15BR + LS40m (15 m Bounding Run + 40 m Sprint), and CS30m (30 m Chasing Sprint). The results of this study showed significant differences regarding maximal acceleration between the lowest value 15BR + LS30m (5.62 ± 0.83 m/s2) and the highest, CS30m (7.09 ± 1.25 m/s2; p = 0.001; d = – 0.88), as well as with LS30m (6.98 ± 1.43 m/s2; p = 0.003; d = – 0.59), LS40m (6.76 ± 1.60 m/s2; p = 0.002; d = – 0.69) drill. Regarding Sprint 3 distance (distance covered > 95% of maximal speed) significant differences were found between the highest, LS40m (2.42 ± 4.82 m) and the lowest 15BR + LS30m (0.0 ± 0.00; p = 0.057; d = – 0.52) as well LS30m (0.90 ± 3.31 m; p = 0.017; d = – 0.37) drill. These results suggest that the capacity to reach peak acceleration is mediated by how the athlete approaches the linear sprint. Moreover, the LS40m was observed to be a drill that successfully exposes the athlete to their peak speed compared to the LS30m and 15BR + 30 m drills. Therefore, it should be considered the use of LS40m drill for training prescriptions for developing speed or hamstring conditioning. Finally, the CS30m drill exposed the athletes to the highest peak acceleration, probably due to the visual stimulus provided by the opponent, which might have elicited higher levels of motivation for the chasing player. Briefly, in the LS40m, athletes cover more distance above 95% of maximum speed, while the CS30m seems to be more effective for achieving higher accelerations.

10 Evaluating contract attainment and international representation of players from the Scottish Football Association performance school programme

Reference: J Sports Sci. 2025 Aug 12:1-9. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2025.2545700. Online ahead of print.
Authors: James H Dugdale, Gordon Dunlop, Michael King, Cedric English
Download link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/02640414.2025.2545700?needAccess=true
Summary: The utility of sports schools have been advocated in supporting young athletes towards sporting success. Yet, a centrally driven soccer talent development system within an educational environment is a novel concept. The aim of this study was to evaluate professional contract attainment and international representation of players from a national performance school programme in soccer. A total of 604 players who had attended one of the Scottish Football Association (SFA) performance schools were identified for this investigation. Success of players receiving a first-team professional contract, and/or representing Scotland internationally at age group or senior level was evaluated. The majority (n = 338; 56.0%) of SFA performance school players were successful in achieving a professional contract following graduation from their respective school, and a total of n = 165 (27.3%) were capped for at least one age group for a Scottish national team. Attainment of professional contracts and international caps remained consistent when considering year of entry or when comparing between the seven SFA performance schools. Our findings support the concept of a centrally managed sport school talent development programme as an effective approach in supporting successful career attainment and international representation in youth soccer.

11 Examining Agreement Between Coach Prescribed and Observed Training Loads With Those That Are Reported by Professional Female Soccer Players

Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2025 Aug 13. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005241. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Kieran Wilmot, Antonio Dello Iacono, Tom W Macpherson
Summary: There is no research exploring agreement of training load (TL) between players and coaches in female soccer, therefore, we examined agreement of perceived TL between professional female soccer players and their coaches. An observational research design was used with a professional women soccer team (3 coaches and 23 players), with data collected for an 8-week training period from a total of 20 training sessions. Internal TL was measured using differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE) on the original Borg CR-100 scale, with exertional scores taken for the overall ratings of perceived exertion, ratings of perceived exertion of breathlessness, ratings of perceived exertion on the legs, and technical ratings of perceived exertion. External TL was measured with PlayerData global positioning system units, worn during every training session, with total distance and high-intensity distance data selected for the study. Players and coaches were familiarized with dRPE and the CR-100 scale. Before training, coaches provided a training plan alongside prescribed dRPE and external load. After training, coach-observed dRPE and external load measures were collected alongside player-perceived dRPE. Two 1-sided tests assessed equivalence between coach (prescribed and observed) and player-perceived dRPE. Statistically significant equivalence was reported for agreement between coach (prescribed and observed) and player-perceived dRPE (p < 0.05). However, for both external TL measures, no statistical significance in agreement was reported between coaches and players. This study provides preliminary evidence of agreement between coach and player perceptions of TL in professional woman’s soccer. This study provides a key finding in professional woman’s soccer, potentially allowing greater precision in TL prescription and achieving desired training outcomes.

12 Body Composition Changes in NCAA Division I Female Soccer Players Throughout Collegiate Playing Career

Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2025 Aug 13. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005238. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Mary C Pickler, Andrew R Gallucci, Katherine M Lee, Leroy K Bolden, Eric R Rash, Grant M Tinsley
Summary: Body composition changes commonly occur in athletes because of fluctuations in nutrition, training regimens, and overall health. Although some studies have examined body composition changes across seasons or positions in collegiate athletes, few have analyzed these changes during the course of an entire collegiate playing career. This study addresses this knowledge gap through the analysis of body composition changes in NCAA Division I female soccer players during the course of their collegiate career. Three to 4 total body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans were performed on athletes each year from 2010 to 2022, and analyses of body composition changes were conducted using linear mixed-effects models in all athletes with >2 individual scans (ALL analysis; n = 115-116) and in those with ≥3 years of scans (3Y analysis; n = 33-34). Statistical significance was accepted at p ≤ 0.05. In both analyses, athletes experienced significant increases in body mass, lean soft tissue, fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and spine bone mineral density. In the ALL analysis only, decreases in body fat percentage and increases in total bone mineral density were observed. In addition, goalkeepers had higher body mass and fat mass than those in other positions in the ALL analysis, but the 3Y analysis yielded no statistically significant differences between player positions. In conclusion, active participation in NCAA Division I women’s soccer resulted in increased total lean soft tissue, fat-free mass, and bone mineral density of the spine, with participation ≥3 years additionally reducing body fat percentage and increasing total bone mineral density.

13 The Time Course of Postmatch Physical Impairments in Professional Soccer: A Systematic Review

Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2025 Aug 13. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005252. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Alec M Drayton, Maziar J Hamad, Konstantinos Spyrou
Summary: Professional soccer often requires players to compete every 72 hours (h), which can lead to notable fatigue and exercise-induced muscle damage. Knowledge of postmatch impairments of physical performance can support efforts to maintain optimal performance and minimize injury risk, alongside factors such as nutrition, training structure, and sleep. This review aimed to assess the effect of single soccer matches on measures of physical performance in professional players, investigating their response at different time points: immediately, 24, 48, and 72 hours postmatch. A literature search was conducted in November 2024 on the following databases: Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, and Scopus. A total of 13 studies were eligible and included in this review. Results show that even after 72 hours, professional players still experienced significant physical impairments. Although sprint, change of direction, and technical ability had all recovered by 72 hours, studies still observed significant impairments in vertical jump ability and hamstring strength, highlighting the complexity of postmatch fatigue. Nevertheless, variations in postmatch physical impairments were observed across studies, suggesting that many factors such as baseline physical fitness levels play a determining role in the duration of these impairments. Future research is needed in elite soccer populations to better understand the extent to which specific physical fitness measures (strength, aerobic fitness, power, etc.) influence postmatch physical impairments. Nevertheless, practitioners should be aware of the varied individual recovery profiles observed in professional players, to optimize player readiness and reduce injury risk.

14 Normative Single Joint Isometric Hamstring Strength Scores From Professional Soccer Players During Preseason

Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2025 Aug 13. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005217. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Nicholas Joel Ripley, Jack T Fahey, Paul Comfort, John J McMahon, Paul A Jones, Christopher Bramah
Summary: Normative single joint isometric hamstring strength scores from professional soccer players during pre-season. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2025-Monitoring changes in isometric force production from the hamstrings has become increasingly common in team sports. With an increase in force plate availability in soccer, isometric hamstring assessments have become popular, yet normative benchmarks do not currently exist. The purpose of this study was to provide normative force production benchmarks for professional soccer players obtained during isometric hamstring assessments. One hundred forty-two senior professional men’s soccer players (age, 24.56 ± 5.09 years; height, 183.63 ± 5.84 cm; mass, 82.12 ± 8.35 kg) performed 2 isometric assessments with 30° and 90° of hip flexion and similar knee joint angles. Mean and standard deviation were determined across 3 trials, differences between soccer positions (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and strikers) and differences between limbs were determined through one-way ANOVA. p value was set at <0.05, and effect size was calculated using Cohens d. Benchmarks were developed using T-scores. Trivial-moderate positional differences (d = 0.09-0.95) were observed for absolute peak force, whereas only trivial positional differences (d = 0.00-0.01) were observed for relative peak force (i.e., peak force/body mass). Trivial between limb differences (d = 0.12-0.13) were observed for assessment performed at 90°; however, small differences were observed in the 30° test (d = 0.27-0.29). Benchmark values are provided for relative peak force due to no meaningful difference between positions. Practitioners could use the normative benchmarks provided to determine training needs and establish specific goals. The isometric hamstring assessment positioned at 30° of knee and hip flexion may be more sensitive to determine interlimb differences.

15 Optimizing Collegiate Female Soccer Athlete Technical and Physical Performance Through Position-Specific Conditioning Training

Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2025 Aug 13. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005230. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Minh N Q Nguyen, Andrew C Fry, Matthew J Garver, Drake A Eserhaut, Yang Yang, Derek A Crawford
Summary: Position-specific conditioning training (PSCT), which addresses the distinct physical and technical demands of soccer positions, has emerged as a promising training methodology. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of PSCT on the physical and technical performance of collegiate female soccer players. Eighteen National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II female soccer athletes (height = 169 ± 5.2 cm; body mass = 64.3 ± 7.2 kg; age = 20.1 ± 0.9 years) participated in a controlled, two-phase, two-group crossover study spanning 5 weeks of training per phase. Performance assessment included the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRT1), sprint speed, repeated sprint ability, Agility T-test, and Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT) under nonfatigue and fatigued conditions. Training load (TL) was monitored using the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). The design of the PSCT program encompassed 4 high-intensity drills for attackers and defenders. Each drill targeted an intensity of 90-95% heart rate maximum for 4-minute work bouts, interspersed with 4-minute active recovery periods. Normal conditioning methods served as the control. Postintervention, significant improvements were observed in the YYIRT1 endurance test for both groups (μ = 22.75%, p < 0.05). However, a significant improvement was observed only in the PSCT group for LSPT under nonfatigued and fatigued conditions (μ = 13.1%, p < 0.05 and μ = 15.5%, p < 0.05, respectively). PSCT showed no significant impact on sRPE or other physical performance metrics. The study confirmed that PSCT is an effective conditioning modality for enhancing skills and endurance without increasing the TL for NCAA female soccer athletes, fostering a well-rounded approach to player development.

16 Hematological, Biochemical, and Performance Adaptations in Amateur Soccer Players Following a 4-Week Preseason Training Period

Reference: J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2025 Aug 14;10(3):314. doi: 10.3390/jfmk10030314.
Authors: Panagiotis Georgiadis, Pierros Thomakos, Ilias Smilios, Angeliki Papapanagiotou, Anastasia Evaggelatou, Gregory C Bogdanis
Download link: https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/10/3/314
Summary: We examined changes in hematological, biochemical, and hormonal biomarkers, along with endurance and explosive performance indices, in amateur soccer players over a 4-week preseason period. Thirteen players (age: 19.7 ± 2.0 years; body mass: 73.0 ± 6.8 kg; height: 180 ± 0.1 cm; body fat: 8.6 ± 3.5%) were monitored during a 4-week preseason program, which included 21 training days, three friendly matches, and four days of rest. Before and after this period, endurance capacity was evaluated using the Yo-Yo IR1 test, and leg power was assessed using the CMJ. Blood samples were collected for three consecutive days in week 1 and after week 4 to assess hematological and biochemical parameters. Internal load during all weeks was assessed with session RPE (sRPE). There was a 25.5% increase in Yo-Yo IR1 distance (2123 ± 413 vs. 1560 ± 356 m, p = 0.002), with the estimated VO2max and the speed associated with VO2max (vVO2max) improving by 8.7% (49.5 ± 3.0 to 54.2 ± 3.5 mL/kg/min, p = 0.002) and 5.3% (16.0 ± 0.7 to 16.9 ± 0.6 km/h, p = 0.002), respectively. In contrast, CMJ performance in weeks 2-4 declined by 13.4-21.0% relative to baseline, while sRPE peaked during week 3 (4011 ± 440 AU). Hematological variables were mostly stable except for small increases in MCV and MCH (1.5-1.8%, p < 0.001), while there were significant reductions in urea (12%), uric acid (6.2%), and erythropoietin (33%). A 4-week preseason program substantially improved aerobic capacity yet compromised leg power. Changes in biomarker profiles suggest that the training load maintained an appropriate balance between overload and recovery. These findings provide valuable guidance for coaches seeking to optimize training protocols while minimizing the risk of overtraining and preventing injuries during the competitive season.

17 Impact of a 10-Week Strength Training Program on Physical Performance and Match External Load in Young Elite Female Soccer Players

Reference: J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2025 Jul 28;10(3):289. doi: 10.3390/jfmk10030289.
Authors: Sefika Pelin Bal, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda, Peter Krustrup, Javier Raya-González
Download link: https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/10/3/289
Summary: Soccer is a physically demanding sport characterized by frequent high-intensity efforts, which are particularly relevant in women’s competitions. Improving high-speed running and aerobic capacity has been linked to better on-field performance. Strength training has shown promise in enhancing these physical attributes, but its application in young female soccer players remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 10-week in-season strength training program on physical performance and match running demands in young female soccer players. Thirty-two U18 Danish female professional soccer players from two comparable teams voluntarily participated in the study. Teams were allocated to either an experimental group, performing twice-weekly strength training (EG, n = 16) or a control group (CG, n = 16). Vertical jump performance and Yo-Yo IR2 performance as an estimation for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were assessed both pre and post intervention. Additionally, players‘ match external demands (i.e., total distance, distance covered at speeds above 23 km·h-1, and maximum velocity achieved) were monitored using Global Positioning System devices during four matches before and after the intervention. Significant within-group differences were observed across all variables for the EG (p = 0.001; ES = 1.08 to 1.45, large), without differences in the CG (p > 0.01). Between-group analysis indicated significant differences favoring the EG in all variables (F = 27.40 to 47.17; p = 0.001). The application of a 10-week strength training program led to improvements in physical and match running performance among young female soccer players, underscoring the importance of incorporating strength training programs into female soccer periodization to enhance performance.

18 Adductor Injuries in Major League Soccer: A 10-Year Analysis of Injury Rate and Return to Play, and Performance Metrics by Player Position

Reference: Orthop J Sports Med. 2025 Aug 19;13(8):23259671251360436. doi: 10.1177/23259671251360436. eCollection 2025 Aug.
Authors: Brian Forsythe, Catherine Hand, Camden Bohn, Francis Hand, Joshua Chang, Daanish Khazi-Syed, Kyle Borque, Kirk McCullough
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12365463/pdf/10.1177_23259671251360436.pdf
Summary: Adductor injuries are common in professional soccer, leading to prolonged recovery, compromised player performance, high recurrence rates, and variable outcomes despite advancements in injury prevention and management. This study aims to assess trends in return-to-play (RTP), reinjury rates, and performance effects in Major League Soccer (MLS) players. It was hypothesized that RTP times and performance metrics after adductor injuries vary by time period (2010-2015 vs 2016-2021) and player position, with changes in injury management influencing outcomes. Adductor injuries in MLS players (2010-2021) were analyzed November 8, 2024, using the MLS Injury Surveillance database. All recorded injuries were included and cross-referenced with publicly available data. Injuries were compared across 2 time periods (2010-2015 vs 2016-2021). Injured players were matched 1:2 with noninjured controls by position, age, and MLS experience. RTP duration, reinjury rates, and pre- and postinjury performance metrics were evaluated by time period and player position. Independent t tests and chi-square tests were used to assess differences in RTP duration, reinjury rates, and injury rates. Multivariate regression was performed to identify predictors of RTP. Between 2010 and 2021, a total of 1706 players with adductor injuries were identified. RTP times increased from 14.4 ± 10.1 days (2010-2015) to 19.7 ± 15.2 days (2016-2021; P = .0475). Multivariate linear regression identified significant predictors of prolonged RTP, including injury type, onset, and field surface. Compared with acute contact injuries, acute noncontact injurieswere associated with a 12.5-day shorter RTP (β = -12.50; P = .010) and chronic injuries with an 18.4-day shorter RTP (β = -18.44; P = .001). Osteitis pubis was associated with a 37.2-day increase in RTP duration compared with nonrupture injuries(β = 37.24; P = .007). Injuries occurring on grass were associated with a 9.6-day shorter RTP than those on artificial turf (β = -9.56; P = .010). Reinjury rates remained stable between the 2 time periods (21.14% vs 23.18%; P = .513). After injury, all player positions experienced declines in games played and minutes logged, with defenders exhibiting the most pronounced reductions. Adductor injuries in MLS athletes were associated with increasing RTP durations over time, with notable position-specific performance effects. Acute contact injuries had the longest RTP duration. RTP durations were significantly longer in 2016-2021 compared with 2010-2015, suggesting evolving trends in injury management. These findings underscore the need for individualized rehabilitation strategies tailored to player position and injury characteristics.

19 Anticipation in soccer: skilled players benefit from early pattern recognition in corner kick situations

Reference: Front Psychol. 2025 Aug 6:16:1631208. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1631208. eCollection 2025.
Authors: Lovro Ivosevic, Tino Stöckel
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12364925/pdf/fpsyg-16-1631208.pdf
Summary: Anticipation is a crucial cognitive skill for decision making in life. Especially in sports, such as soccer, accurately anticipating the next play of the opposing team can have a huge impact on the result of a game or individual success in certain situations. This study investigates the differences between skilled players and less-skilled players in anticipating corner kicks by using temporal and spatial occlusion paradigms to figure out, which visual cues are utilized. We presented 171 video scenes of realistic corner kicks – stopped at three time points (150 ms before ball, at ball contact, 150 ms after ball contact) – to 23 skilled soccer players and 23 less-skilled players. Participants had to predict the horizontal landing position of the ball. To examine the effectiveness of different visual cues, participants saw the respective corner kick in full detail (control condition), or with either the kicker or the attacking players being blurred. Results showed that predictive accuracy increases over time and is higher in skilled players than in less-skilled players. Further, it appears that skilled players use information from the attacking players (i.e., pattern recognition) to estimate the landing position. Information of the kicker was not sufficient for neither the skilled players nor the less-skilled players. Our data strongly suggests, that expert soccer players´ advantage over less-skilled players in anticipating the landing position of corner kicks results from their ability to recognize patterns of play. Again, these findings highlight the importance of prolonged times of sport-specific deliberate practice for athletes‘ predictive accuracy, and performance and success in general. Findings from this study could inform training regimes in soccer. By guiding players attention to useful visual cues (e.g., pattern recognition) while practicing set-pieces should help them to improve their anticipation skills. Future studies should explore these effects for situations like other set pieces or team-tactics.

20 Comparative Effects of 2 Different Frequencies of Resistance Training in an Integral Periodization Approach on High-Intensity Actions and Noncontact Injuries in Young Trained Soccer Players

Reference: Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2025 Aug 21:1-7. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0518. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Jose Jimenez-Iglesias, Jose Castro-Piñero, Mario Landi-Fernández, Alejandro Perez-Bey, Eduardo de la Pascua-Roca, Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
Summary: This study aimed to compare the effect of 2 different frequencies of an integral-periodization resistance-training (RT) program on physical performance and incidence of noncontact injury in young trained soccer players during an entire season. Forty young trained soccer players (16.6 [0.69] y) were randomly divided into 2 groups: frequency 1 (F1G, n = 18) and frequency 2 (F2G, n = 22). Physical performance was assessed using countermovement jump, progressive loading tests for squat and hip-thrust, 10-m and 30-m sprint tests, the V-Cut test, and the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test. Noncontact injuries were also recorded and classified by severity. Both groups performed RT aligned with field-based loads, with F1G completing 1 session/wk and F2G 2 sessions/wk. The F2G showed significant improvements in all tests, with effect sizes (ES) ranging from 0.40 to 4.35 (all P < .01). The F1G reported significant improvements only in the countermovement jump, squat, hip thrust, and V-Cut tests (ES: 0.54-2.79; all P < .01). The F2G demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the F1G in the squat (ES: 3.41; P < .01), hip thrust (ES: 4.35; P = .006), 10-m sprint (ES: 1.86; P < .001), and 30-m sprint (ES: 1.25; P < .001), along with a significant reduction in injury severity (ES = 0.89; P < .01). No significant differences were found in the countermovement jump, V-Cut, and the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (all P > .05). Performing 2 RT sessions per week within an integral-periodization model led to superior physical performance improvements and reduced noncontact-injury severity in young trained soccer players compared to 1 session per week.

21 Validating Field Methods to Estimate the Pelvic Tilt in Sprinting and the Relationship between Prior Hamstring Injury and the Pelvic Tilt in Elite Female Soccer Players

Reference: J Hum Kinet. 2025 Jun 25:98:17-28. doi: 10.5114/jhk/194851. eCollection 2025 Jul.
Authors: András Hegyi, Aurélie Sarcher, Fabien Varenne, Alexis Mornet, Jean-Philippe Cadu, Lena Carcreff, Lilian Lacourpaille
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12360941/pdf/JHK-98-194851.pdf
Summary: An excessive pelvic tilt in the late swing phase of sprinting may be associated with an increased risk of hamstring injury. Nevertheless, research including female athletes is scarce. Furthermore, it is essential to validate simple on-field methods. This study consisted of two experiments. Experiment I assessed the validity of two 2-D video-based methods: i) the kick-back score calculated from thigh angles at the toe-off and the touchdown; and ii) the pelvic tilt estimated by a line connecting two markers on the pelvis. Twelve soccer players sprinted for 30 m, and 3-D motion capture data and 2-D sagittal plane video were recorded. Experiment II aimed to compare the above 2-D methods in recently injured (n = 7) and non-injured (n = 18) professional female soccer players. In Experiment I, no correlation was found between the kick-back score and the pelvic tilt assessed using 3-D motion capture (rho = -0.224, p = 0.242). Two-D camera-based estimation of the pelvic tilt correlated with the 3-D pelvic tilt (r = 0.89-0.94, p < 0.001). In Experiment II, the kick-back score was not significantly different between groups (d = 0.11, p = 0.41). The pelvic tilt was higher in the previously injured than in non-injured players in the late swing phase (d = -0.79, p = 0.03). Our results suggest that the kick-back score is not associated with the pelvic tilt. Nevertheless, the estimation of the pelvic tilt in field settings is feasible through the tracking of two markers on the pelvis in the sagittal plane. Additionally, longitudinal studies are recommended to gain deeper understanding of the excessive pelvic tilt in previously injured female soccer players.

22 The Last Whistle: Unveiling the Relationship between the Career Path and Retirement Age in Professional Soccer

Reference: J Hum Kinet. 2025 May 29:98:253-261. doi: 10.5114/jhk/194996. eCollection 2025 Jul.
Authors: André Rebelo, Diogo S Teixeira, Diogo Monteiro, Ricardo Monteiro, Bruno Travassos
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12360933/pdf/JHK-98-194996.pdf
Summary: This study explores the relationship between Career Indicators (CIs) and the retiring age of Portuguese soccer players, focusing on the impact of early career experiences and career discontinuation stages. Data were analyzed from retired Portuguese soccer players registered on a private digital platform, using specific CIs related to different stages of their athletic careers. The analysis involved a two-level mediation model incorporating various CIs. Significant direct effects emerged with ‚the number of seasons as a youth player‘ and ‚the number of seasons as a youth player in top 3 clubs‘ on ‚retiring age‘. Additionally, a strong association was identified between ‚discontinuation stage length‘ and ‚retiring age‘. The findings emphasize the importance of effectively managing career discontinuation stages and proactive career planning. Consequently, comprehensive support programs offering resources and guidance for career transitions are recommended for soccer players. The study underlines the key role of stakeholders in enabling smoother transitions into retirement.

23 The Impact of Touch Restrictions in Small-Sided Games on Soccer Players‘ Passing, Receiving, and Ball-Touch Temporal Intervals

Reference: J Hum Kinet. 2025 May 29:98:107-116. doi: 10.5114/jhk/196142. eCollection 2025 Jul.
Authors: Mathias Rosten, Tore Kristian Aune, Terje Dalen
Summary: The present study aimed to investigate how players‘ technical actions were influenced by different touch restrictions in small-sided games (SSGs). Specifically, it analysed differences in the temporal intervals separating players‘ first and second touches across varied field zones-defensive, centre, and offensive-in SSGs. The experimental design involved twelve male junior soccer players playing under three distinct 4v4 SSG conditions: 1) a maximum of two touches per player; 2) a maximum of three touches per player; and 3) unrestricted play with no touch restrictions. Ten games of 4v4 SSGs (4 players + goalkeeper per team) were held for each condition, resulting in a total of 30 games of 4v4 SSGs investigated across eight distinct test sessions. Players had the shortest intervals between their first and second touches in the offensive zone, followed by the centre and then the defensive zones. Furthermore, the imposition of touch restrictions in SSGs led to a heightened frequency of passes compared to SSGs characterised by unrestricted gameplay; by contrast, SSGs featuring free play facilitated a greater number of receptions compared to SSGs with constraints on the number of touches. In conclusion, the current study outlines distinct differences in temporal intervals between the first and second touches of the ball across distinct field zones, notably showcasing a significant reduction in the time elapsing between touches as players neared their opponents‘ goal.