As previous literature updates, I have performed a PubCrawler search looking for football articles in NCBI Medline (PubMed) and GenBank databases.

Following studies were retrieved for this week:

1 Do the Competitions Played During Congested Weeks Influence the External Load of Spanish Soccer Teams? Analysis by Match Playing Time

Reference: Sports Med Open. 2026 Mar 18;12(1):33.  doi: 10.1186/s40798-026-01008-x.
Authors: David Lobo-Triviño, Tomás García-Calvo, Jorge Polo-Tejada, Javier Raya-González, Roberto López Del Campo, Ricardo Resta, Aldo A Vasquez-Bonilla
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13000035/pdf/40798_2026_Article_1008.pdf
Summary: This study aimed to examine differences in external load among professional soccer players during congested weeks across different competition types (League, Cup, and Champions League (UCL)), considering individual match playing time. A retrospective, descriptive, and longitudinal analysis was conducted using external load data from 120 players belonging to the top five teams in the Spanish LaLiga during the 2023/24 season, including 2,671 match observations. Players were categorised by playing time (Starters, Replaced, Fringe, and Non-Starters), and weeks were classified as non-congested (NCON) or congested (CON), with further distinction by competition type. External load metrics were recorded using the Mediacoach® tracking system and analysed through Linear Mixed Models. Results indicated that players in NCON weeks covered significantly less distance at very low-speed running (VLSR) and at low-speed running (LSR) compared to CON weeks (both p < .01). Players in CON weeks by League covered significantly higher total distance (TD) compared to UCL congested weeks (p < .001) and NCON weeks (p < .01). In CON weeks by Cup, Non-Starters, who accumulated between 0 and 59 min across two matches, covered significantly higher very high-speed running (VHSR) than CON weeks by UCL (p < .05) and NCON weeks (p < .05). These findings underscore the relevance of competition context and match playing time when analysing external load during matches. Tailoring training and rotation strategies based on external load data and competition type may help maintain performance and reduce fatigue.

2 Quantitative Analysis of Quadriceps Muscle Forces When Adolescent Females Perform Typical Motions in Soccer or Basketball

Reference: Ann Biomed Eng. 2026 Mar 17. doi: 10.1007/s10439-026-04082-0. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Xueying Zhang, Mingxia Gong, Weiyan Ren, Xingyue Wang, Jie Yao, Fang Pu
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10439-026-04082-0.pdf
Summary: Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is linked to quadriceps traction, yet quantitative force data for adolescent females in high-risk sports is scarce. This study aimed to biomechanically compare quadriceps muscle forces during key motions in female adolescent soccer and basketball players. The objective was to determine which sport’s characteristic movements impose greater mechanical loads on the tibial tuberosity, thereby representing a higher potential risk for OSD development. Sixteen adolescent females were divided into basketball (n = 8) and soccer (n = 8) groups, each performing three sport-specific motions. Kinematic, kinetic, and electromyography (EMG) data were captured using a 10-camera motion capture system, force plates, and wireless sensors. A musculoskeletal model in OpenSim was employed to estimate and compare peak and accumulated quadriceps muscle forces between the groups and their respective motions. In basketball, the single-leg jump yielded the highest peak and impulses. For soccer, the side-step cut produced the greatest peak force, and turning yielded the highest accumulated force. Crucially, overall peak quadriceps muscle forces were significantly higher in the soccer group compared to the basketball group. The rectus femoris generated higher peak forces in basketball, while the vasti muscles demonstrated higher peak forces in soccer. Single-leg jumping in basketball and cutting/turning in soccer impose the most significant traction on the tibial tuberosity. Due to lower overall peak forces, basketball may pose a reduced OSD risk for adolescent females compared to soccer. Differential recruitment of the rectus femoris versus vastus muscles between sports is a key consideration for injury prevention and athlete guidance.

3 Soccer heading and white matter microstructural changes: a two-year longitudinal cohort study

Reference: Brain Imaging Behav. 2026 Mar 17;20(2):52. doi: 10.1007/s11682-026-01134-w.
Authors: Bluyé DeMessie, Molly F Charney, Roman Fleysher et al.
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11682-026-01134-w.pdf
Summary: Soccer is played by over 265 million people worldwide, with repetitive head impacts from ball heading being common practice. However, the long-term neurological effects of such impacts on amateur players remain poorly understood. This two-year longitudinal cohort study examined whether cumulative soccer ball heading affects white matter microstructure and cognitive performance in adult amateur players from the New York City metropolitan area. The study followed 159 amateur soccer players (24.3% female, ages 18–53) who completed diffusion MRI scans and cognitive assessments at baseline and two-year follow-up. Heading exposure was quantified using the validated HeadCount-12 m questionnaire administered annually. Changes in DTI and NODDI parameters were analyzed across 10 white matter regions, alongside cognitive performance across six domains using the CogState battery. Participants were categorized by two-year heading exposure: low (n=80, median 304 headers), medium (n=39, median 808 headers), and high (n=40, median 2,073 headers). After FDR correction across 70 tests (7 diffusion metrics × 10 white matter ROIs), one association exceeded the correction threshold. In the right middle fronto-orbital white matter, low-exposure players showed significant ODI decrease (mean change = -0.020, P < .001), whereas high-exposure players showed no significant change (mean change = -0.006, P = .16), yielding a significant group difference in covariate-adjusted analyses (β=0.0132, 95% CI [0.005, 0.0214]; Cohen d=0.58; P = .002). While no cognitive performance measures showed significant associations with heading after multiple comparisons correction, increased right middle fronto-orbital white matter orientation dispersion index correlated with declining working memory performance (β = -1.35; 95% CI [-2.45, -0.24]; P = .018). These findings provide the first longitudinal evidence linking soccer heading exposure to white matter microstructural changes, highlighting the need for continued assessment of long-term neurological consequences in young adult players.

4 Effects of Developmental Activities and Interventions on Decision-Making Skills in Soccer Players: A Scoping Review

Reference: Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2026 Mar;36(3):e70250. doi: 10.1111/sms.70250.
Authors: Guilherme Machado, Sixto González-Víllora, Victor Reis Machado, Israel Teoldo
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12994546/pdf/SMS-36-e70250.pdf
Summary: Decision-making is a key determinant of performance in soccer, yet evidence regarding how it develops across the sport pathway and how it can be effectively trained remains fragmented. This scoping review examined: (i) the effects of developmental activities and (ii) the effects of field-based and laboratory-based interventions on perceptual-cognitive and perceptual-motor decision-making skills in youth and adult male and female soccer players. Following PRISMA and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, six databases were systematically searched. Soccer players constituted the population, and outcomes included perceptual-cognitive and perceptual-motor decision-making skills. Of 5,527 records identified, 36 studies met the inclusion criteria, with 50% published between 2020 and 2024. Seven studies addressed developmental activities, whereas 29 examined interventions. Evidence from developmental studies indicates that sustained engagement in soccer-specific activities, particularly deliberate play and deliberate practice during childhood and early adolescence, is associated with higher decision-making performance. Intervention studies showed that field-based approaches, such as game-based pedagogies, small-sided games (SSG), and non-linear training designs, can improve selected aspects of decision-making across school, academy, and university contexts, although effects varied according to task design, assessment instruments, and intervention duration. In contrast, findings from laboratory-based interventions were limited and inconsistent, with unclear transfer to on-field decision-making. Overall, the findings suggest that decision-making development in soccer is influenced by both long-term engagement in soccer-specific activities and appropriately designed field-based interventions. Key limitations include the predominance of male samples, heterogeneous methodologies, limited effect-size reporting, and scarce research on decision-making speed and female players. Directions for future research are outlined.

5 Improving longitudinal performance assessment of youth soccer players: 10 m sprint percentile curves adapted to biological age

Reference: Sci Med Footb. 2026 Mar 17:1-12. doi: 10.1080/24733938.2026.2643531. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Julia Hernandez, Chantal Widmer, Shaun Abbott et al.
Summary: Monitoring athletic development in youth soccer is crucial for player evaluation, identifying training needs, and determining long-term progression. However, standard percentile assessments based on chronological age (CA) do not account for biological maturity or developmental variability. This study aimed to improve 10 m sprint performance assessment in youth soccer by integrating biological age (BA) into percentile modeling and applying linear mixed models (LMM) to capture individual development. The analysis was based on 10 m sprint data collected within the Swiss Football Association’s talent development program between 2017 and 2024, comprising 9476 observations for the Lambda Mu Sigma (LMS) method and 3983 for LMMs. BA was calculated using the Mirwald method as an estimation for peak height velocity. Empirical percentile curves (LMS) were generated for both CA and BA, while LMMs established longitudinal reference curves and enabled individual performance predictions using bootstrap resampling. In males, BA explained more variance in sprint performance than CA (R2 = 0.22 vs. 0.18), whereas no significant predictors were identified for females. Percentile curves based on BA elevated rankings of late-maturing players and lowered those of early-maturing players, suggesting better consideration of developmental differences. LMMs provided a more comprehensive modeling framework than LMS, by incorporating repeated measures and individual developmental trajectories. Integrating BA and LMMs longitudinal modeling could enhance the fair evaluation of youth soccer players. Findings support individualized, maturity-adjusted monitoring, offering practical value for longer-term performance diagnostic and evaluation. This statistical approach, applied to a large practice-oriented dataset, enables targeted and sustainable improvement of youth player development.

6 Positional and Temporal Variability of Match Running Performance in Elite Women’s Soccer

Reference: Res Q Exerc Sport. 2026 Mar 16:1-14. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2025.2609763. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Luiz Guilherme Gonçalves, Paulo Roberto Sandi, Ronaldo Kobal et al.
Summary: The aims were to: 1) characterize players‘ physical output during the matches; 2) compare match running performance across four qualification phases according to playing position; 3) compare position-specific running demands; 4) assess match-to-match variability; and 5) compare physical performance between halves. Data were collected via GPS and accelerometry from four professional teams during the 2024 season of the Brazilian Women’s First Division League. Sixty-seven elite female players who completed full matches were included (n = 345 individual observations), representing central and external defenders, central midfielders, and forwards. On average, players covered 9138 meters per match, with high-speed running and sprinting comprising ≈4% of total distance. Total distance, high-speed running, top speed, and deceleration efforts peaked during the pre-break phase (p < .001-0.041). Central midfielders and external defenders recorded the highest total distances, high-speed running, and PlayerLoad values (p < .001), while forwards achieved the highest top speeds, sprinting, and acceleration/deceleration efforts (p < .001-0.003). Match-to-match variability was greatest for high-speed running and sprinting (CV: 37.6-69.0%), particularly among defenders. Most physical outputs declined from the first to the second half (p < .001-0.047), except for sprinting. These findings support individualized training and context-specific periodization in elite women’s soccer.

7 Effects of Complex, Plyometric, and Traditional Resistance Training on Neuromuscular Performance in Highly Trained Male Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Reference: Sports Med Open. 2026 Mar 16;12(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s40798-026-01002-3.
Authors: Said El-Ashker, Helmi Chaabene, Karim Chamari et al.
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12992747/pdf/40798_2026_Article_1002.pdf
Summary: The modality of resistance training (e.g., plyometric training [PLYO], traditional resistance training [TRT]) can specifically affect gains in muscle strength and power measures in soccer players. Further, effects of resistance training modality on neuromuscular performance measures (e.g., electromechanical delay [EMD]) are inconsistent in non-athletes. The aim was to examine the effects of PLYO, TRT, and combined PLYO and TRT (i.e., complex training [CT]) on muscle strength, power, and EMD in highly trained male soccer players (age: 21.7 ± 1.6 years). Participants were randomly assigned to eight weeks of CT (n = 30), PLYO (n = 28), and TRT (n = 26) in addition to their regular soccer training, or soccer training control condition (n = 29). Pre- and post-measurements comprised tests for maximal eccentric knee flexor and concentric knee extensor peak torque (PT), their functional ratio (FUNC-H/Q), and the corresponding EMD of the knee flexors at three angular velocities (60, 180, and 300°/s). Results showed a significant main effect of group for concentric and eccentric PT (p<.001, 1.67 ≤ d ≤ 3.17). Concentric and eccentric PT were larger for CT, PLYO, and TRT groups compared to control group (CG) with the greatest effects for CT across all angular velocities (p<.001, 0.95 ≤ d ≤ 3.57). Additionally, a significant group effect was identified for FUNC-H/Q at 300°/s (p=.002, d = 0.83) with lower ratios in PLYO and TRT groups but not CT compared with CG (p<.001, -0.94 ≤ d≤-0.83). Further, significant and large-sized group effects for EMD were found at 60, 180, and 300°/s (p<.001, 0.96 ≤ d ≤ 2.89). Post-hoc test showed lower EMD values in CT compared with PLYO, TRT, and CG (p<.001, -2.88 ≤ d≤-0.87). Moreover, EMD was lower in PLYO and TRT compared with CG at 60 and 300°/s (p<.001, -1.84 ≤ d≤-1.10). Complex training, PT, and TRT were effective training modalities in improving neuromuscular performance (i.e., maximal eccentric knee flexor/concentric knee extensor PT, knee flexor EMD) in highly trained soccer players. More specifically, CT appears to be superior in maintaining higher FUNC-H/Q values compared with PLYO and TRT.

8 Acute effects of strength training interventions on subjective, neuromuscular, and biochemical fatigue parameters in elite youth soccer players

Reference: Front Sports Act Living. 2026 Mar 4:8:1742295. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1742295. eCollection 2026.
Authors: Björn Kadlubowski, Michael Keiner, Klaus Wirth, Robert Csapo
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12996250/pdf/fspor-08-1742295.pdf
Summary: This study examined acute neuromuscular, biochemical, and subjective fatigue responses to two strength training protocols-back squats with calf raises vs. back squats with plyometric exercises-in elite youth soccer players. The aim was to track the progression and resolution of fatigue over a 72 h recovery period and evaluate the practical feasibility of both protocols within high-performance training schedules. Thirty-two male athletes from a national youth elite training center participated in a crossover-controlled study. Each player completed both interventions, separated by an 8-day washout period. A comprehensive test battery assessed neuromuscular performance via the countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump, isometric mid-thigh pull, adductor squeeze, and sit-and-reach test; biochemical markers via creatine kinase (CK); and subjective markers using the Hooper Index, visual analog scale (VAS), and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Measurements were taken at baseline and 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise. No significant interaction effects (training modality × time) were found (p > 0.05), indicating comparable fatigue and recovery trajectories for both protocols, whereas significant main effects of time were observed across all parameters, including CMJ [F(3,26) = 29.373, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.772] and CK [F(3,26) = 51.504, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.856]. Fatigue peaked between 24 and 48 h post-exercise and returned to baseline by 72 h. Subjective fatigue (Hooper, VAS) mirrored objective markers. Both traditional and reactive strength training induced short-term fatigue that resolved within 72 h, supporting their safe implementation in elite youth training programs, provided adequate recovery is allowed between sessions.

9 Return-to-Play Criteria Following Lower Limb Muscle Injuries in Soccer: A Systematic Review with Evidence Synthesis

Reference: Sports Med. 2026 Mar 18. doi: 10.1007/s40279-026-02404-9. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Javier Pecci, Nicol van Dyk, Gregory D Myer, Borja Sañudo
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40279-026-02404-9.pdf
Summary: The objective was to systematically identify and categorize return-to-play (RTP) domains and criteria used following muscle injuries in male soccer players, and to describe the certainty of the evidence according to the number, design and methodological quality of the studies implementing RTP criteria within each domain. In total, six databases were searched up to 10 March 2024. Studies reporting RTP criteria for hamstring, adductor, quadriceps, and calf injuries, as well as general criteria for all muscle injuries, were included. The certainty of evidence for RTP criteria was assessed on the basis of the studies citing each criterion. Out of 58,057 records, 135 studies met the inclusion criteria. Strength and pain criteria are the most cited tests for determining RTP clearance following hamstring injuries, particularly criteria related to between-limb knee flexors/extensors strength symmetry and no pain during soccer-specific actions. Range of motion criteria (active knee extension, passive and active straight leg raise, and Askling-H tests) and subjective readiness demonstrated the highest certainty of evidence in RTP decision making after hamstring injuries. RTP criteria following adductor injuries showed a moderate-to-very-low certainty of evidence across domains. Criteria for quadriceps and calf injuries ranged from low to very low evidence, while general lower limb muscle injury criteria had only very low evidence. Following adductor injuries, the highest evidence (moderate) was shown by pain assessments and completing at least one full team training session. Symmetry between limbs in knee flexor and extensor strength combined with no pain during soccer-specific actions were the most frequently implemented RTP criteria for hamstring injuries. In addition, range of motion evaluation (i.e., active knee extension, passive and active straight leg raise, and Askling-H tests) and subjective readiness assessments have been more consistently employed in higher-quality intervention studies than other domains following hamstring injuries in soccer players. Pain assessments, completing at least one full team training session and restoring strength levels are the most cited criteria for RTP following adductor injuries. The evidence base describing RTP criteria for quadriceps and calf injuries is limited and is not implemented in randomized controlled trials with high methodological quality, highlighting the need for further robust research in these domains.

10 Which Criteria Determine Return-to-Play Decisions Following Hip and Groin Injuries in Soccer Players: A Scoping Review

Reference: J Sport Rehabil. 2026 Mar 17:1-15. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2025-0167. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Afxentios Kekelekis, Paolo Perna, Marko Beato
Summary: Return to play (RTP) following hip and groin injuries in soccer remains a complex and high-stakes component of athlete management. These injuries account for a substantial proportion of time-loss episodes and are characterized by high recurrence rates and variable recovery timelines. Despite their prevalence, there is currently no standardized or validated framework for RTP decision making, and applied criteria vary considerably across clinical and sport-performance settings. To identify, categorize, and synthesize the criteria used to guide RTP decisions following hip and groin injuries in soccer players and to evaluate their implementation across clinical, functional, and sport-specific domains. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases from 2003 to September 2025, limited to English-language peer-reviewed publications. Studies were eligible if they investigated or described RTP criteria in soccer players recovering from hip and/or groin injuries, regardless of competitive level. Two reviewers independently performed screening, selection, and data extraction using the Rayyan web platform. The protocol was preregistered on the Open Science Framework (osf.io/8kzq3). Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Return-to-play criteria were organized into 3 domains: (1) clinical, (2) functional, and (3) sport-specific/on-field criteria. Recent evidence highlights a paradigm shift from symptom- to capacity-based RTP frameworks integrating objective strength testing, neuromuscular control, and GPS-derived workload replication. However, standardized thresholds and progression sequences remain undefined. Return-to-play decision making after hip and groin injuries in soccer is inherently multidimensional. The most defensible approach combines clinical recovery, functional capacity, and sport-specific readiness verified by objective and reproducible benchmarks. The development of standardized, criterion-based, and sex-inclusive RTP frameworks-integrating physiological, biomechanical, and psychological domains-will enhance the accuracy, safety, and transparency of return-to-performance management.

11 Examination of player level and body composition‒performance associations in Finnish elite women’s soccer

Reference: J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2026 Mar 20. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17763-9. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Eero H J Savolainen, Mirva A Harjunen, Johanna K Ihalainen
Summary: This cross-sectional study aimed to compare body composition and physical performance between national-team selected and non-selected female soccer players, and to examine the potential associations between body composition and physical performance. Forty-five female players were divided into two groups: national-team players (N.=22, 22±3 years) and league players (not selected to national-team N.=23, 22±4 years) players. Body composition was assessed using the Inbody 720 device, and physical performance was measured by the following field tests: 30-meter sprint test, Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Test, and the 1200-meter shuttle run test to estimate maximal aerobic speed (MAS). No significant differences in body composition were found between groups, but national-team players were faster in the 30-meter sprint (4.55±0.14 s [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.48-4.61] vs. 4.67±0.18 s [4.59-4.75], g = -0.72 [-1.34 to -0.10], P=0.021) and had higher MAS (4.28±0.20 m/s [4.18-4.38] vs. 4.04±0.29 m/s [3.91-4.16], g = 0.94 [0.31 to 1.57], P=0.003). For correlation and regression analyses, data was pooled across groups. Weak-to-moderate correlations (r=-0.327 to -0.577, P<0.05) were found between body composition variables and physical performance. Linear regression analysis indicated that body composition variables explained 8-33% of the variance in performance outcomes. Despite no differences in body composition between groups, national-team players were faster and had higher MAS, and body composition showed weak-to-moderate associations with performance. Elite preparation should therefore target the concurrent development of physical performance and body composition, progressed together within multidisciplinary, high-standard practice.

12 Exploring the potential association between oral contraceptive use and risk of low energy availability with fitness adaptations and training loads in female university soccer players

Reference: J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2026 Mar 20. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17445-8. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Kate M Thompson, Adrianna Mendrek, Ana C Paludo, Kristi B Adamo, Danilo F DA Silva
Summary: The research underrepresentation of female athletes has left gaps in understanding factors influencing female athlete performance. We aimed to examine the impact of oral contraceptive (OC) use and low energy availability (LEA) risk on training loads and physical fitness changes over a competitive season. Eighteen female university soccer players completed fitness tests before and after the winter competitive season. Training loads were tracked over seven weeks using session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Reproductive factors, including OC use and LEA risk, were assessed through LEAF-Q. Two-way mixed ANOVA for repeated measures, with Bonferroni corrections, was applied. Correlations between LEAF-Q scores, weekly average sRPE, and fitness changes were examined. Weekly average sRPE ranged from 316±39 to 388±51 arbitrary units. No interaction was found between LEA risk or OC use and time, but time effects were significant (P<0.001), with week 5 sRPE > weeks 1-3, 6, and 7, and week 6 > week 7 (N.=18). Fitness improvements were noted post-season for aerobic fitness (YYRT-1; 19±31%), agility (IAT; -1.7±2.2%), sprint (-1.9±3.1%), broad jump (3.3±4.3%), and squats (18±16%) (P<0.05) in the whole sample. No LEA risk effects were found. Overall, OC users presented slower sprint speed at the baseline (F[1]=5.787; P=0.032) but no group-time interaction was found. A positive correlation was observed between week 7 sRPE and LEAF-Q score (r=0.507; P=0.032). LEA risk and OC use presented no consistent association with training loads and fitness adaptations in university soccer players. Small sample size and sRPE monitoring focused on practices only limited the generalizability of our findings and a clearer understanding of the total weekly training load.

13 Informing Fitness Testing Data Reporting and Visualization in Elite Soccer: A Survey Into Practitioner Preferences and Needs

Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2026 Mar 13. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005355. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Nikolaos D Asimakidis, Marco Beato, Nimai Parmar, Anthony Weldon, Chris Bishop, Anthony N Turner
Summary: This cross-sectional survey explored elite soccer practitioners‘ fitness testing reporting and visualization preferences. Overall, 145 soccer practitioners completed an online survey comprising 27 questions, with 3 sections: (a) background information, (b) preferences for fitness testing report content and insights, and (c) preferences and interpretation of data visualization formats. Fixed-response questions were analyzed using frequency analysis, while thematic analysis was applied to open-ended questions to generate key themes. Subjects predominantly valued tracking changes (91%) in performance over benchmark (61%) or position-specific (58%) comparisons. Although 44.8% prioritized individual performance, 42.1% emphasized both individual and team-level insights. Concerning the presentation of data, raw scores were the preferred format (62.1%), followed by standardized (37.2%) and composite scores (23.5%), depending on the context. Subjects highly valued interactive dashboards (91%), quadrant charts (87.6%), and traffic light systems (77.2%). Bar charts (77.2%) were the preferred visual format for interplayer comparisons, valued for their clarity, and reduced cognitive load, while line charts (51.7%) were favored for tracking performance over time, due to their simplicity and user familiarity. Radar charts (59.3%) were the preferred format for comparing individual performances to the wider team, valued for their ability to provide a holistic overview of strengths and weaknesses. Uncertainty indicators were endorsed by 52.3%, primarily for enhancing data interpretation and decision making, although concerns were raised about their ease of understanding and visual clutter. Practitioners can use this study’s findings to inform user-friendly reporting strategies and meet diverse audience needs. Findings should also support practitioner training and the adoption of evolving industry practices.

14 Crossing time zones and touchlines: an observational survey of practitioner perceptions on travel in elite North American soccer

Reference: Sci Med Footb. 2026 Mar 16:1-13. doi: 10.1080/24733938.2026.2642657. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Luke Jenkinson, Matthew Wright, Garrison Draper, Tim Thompson, Paul Chesterton
Summary: Travel poses a significant logistical challenge to elite North American soccer. We explored how medical and performance practitioners perceive its impact on player performance and recovery. Thirteen practitioners first completed a pre-survey to define ‚travel‘ in this context. A main survey followed, involving 44 practitioners, assessing perceptions of travel-related factors such as travel duration, logistics, arrival and departure times, time-zone changes, and mitigation strategies. The survey included yes/no, Likert scale, and open-text questions. Impact was rated on a seven-point Likert scale from large negative (1) to large positive (7), with ±0.5 points from the ’no impact‘ midpoint (4) considered substantial. High internal consistency was observed for questions on overall impact, travel duration, and time-zone differences (Cronbach’s alpha 0.97 to 0.98) and mean ratings subsequently calculated for each item. Open-text responses were analyzed thematically, informed by interpretive analysis. Practitioners perceived negative impact on performance and recovery (secondgeneration pvalue = 0, with 95% confidence intervals entirely outside our ±0.5point practical relevance zone). Most reported that cumulative travel, during congested fixture periods (98, 95% confidence intervals, 88 to 100%) and across a full season (91, 79 to 96%), had further negative impact. When travelling prior to the match practitioners clearly preferred arriving before 5 pm on matchday and returning after an overnight stay. A recurring theme in qualitative responses was the importance of minimizing disruptions to daily routines, particularly sleep. These findings highlight the need to understand the cumulative impact of travel, particularly the roles of late-night arrivals, extended journeys, and sleep disruption.

15 Possession vs. goal scoring during small-sided games in soccer: a narrative mini-review on the effects on physiological, physical, technical and tactical performance

Reference: Front Sports Act Living. 2026 Feb 26:8:1784555. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1784555. eCollection 2026.
Authors: Michael C Rumpf, Johannes Jäger, Rhodri Lloyd, Matthias Lochmann
Download link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2026.1784555/full
Summary: Different task constraints such as possession play and goal scoring are regularly utilized in small-sided games (SSG) in order to train game specific situations. This narrative mini-review aimed to summarize how these two task constraints influence players‘ physiological, physical, technical and tactical parameters during SSG. Possession games increase the physiological load of players. Variables such as mean (+4.35%) and max heart rate (+6.43%) as well as duration >90%HRmax (+39.7%) were significantly higher compared to scoring format SSG. Players also felt significantly greater subjective exertion (+24.2%), mental challenge (+18.4%) and lower enjoyment (-6.45%) in comparison to scoring games, especially when goalkeepers participated. Possession games also increased physical strain for players during SSG, with total (+12.6%) and relative (+8.43%) running distance, average moving speed (+14.2%), number of low (+35.9%) and high ACC (+23.6%), and distances in high(er) speed bands (>14 km/h) being more prominent in possession games. Players are technically more engaged in possession format SSG. Significantly more total (+38.7%) and individual (+60.4%) ball touches, number of passes (+99.0%), and passes per player (+55.8%) were observed in possession compared to scoring games. The scarce scientific evidence regarding the effect of possession games on tactical variables suggests that more players are involved for a longer period of time exploring greater space during these types of games. Coaches should apply possession games to increase physiological, physical, and technical engagement of players during SSG.

16 Exploring the effects of combined Nordic and reverse Nordic hamstring exercises on physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players

Reference: Front Sports Act Living. 2026 Feb 27:8:1717594. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1717594. eCollection 2026.
Authors: Senda Sammoud, Yassine Negra, Raja Bouguezzi, Aaron Uthoff, Jason Moran, Helmi Chaabene
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12982401/pdf/fspor-08-1717594.pdf
Summary: This study aimed to examine the effects of combined Nordic Hamstring and Reverse Nordic exercises on measures of physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players. The eccentric training program lasted 8 weeks, with two sessions per week, each lasting approximately 20 min and performed immediately after the warm-up of regular soccer training. A total of 34 prepubertal male soccer players were recruited and randomly assigned at the group level to either the eccentric training group (n = 17; age = 12.44 ± 0.24 years, maturity offset = -1.27 ± 0.28) or the active control group (n = 17; age = 12.40 ± 0.22 years, maturity offset = -1.15 ± 0.35). Physical fitness was assessed through measures of linear sprint performance (10 & 20 m), change of direction (505 test), agility (Y-shaped agility test), and vertical (countermovement jump) and horizontal jump performance (standing long jump). The findings showed moderate group-by-time interactions for all fitness measures [effect size (d) = 0.62-1.16]. Post hoc analyses revealed small-to-moderate improvements in the eccentric training group across all performance measures (d = 0.31-1.18), while no significant changes were observed in the control group for any fitness measure. In conclusion, our findings support the effectiveness, practicality, and safety (no injuries reported) of the eccentric training program for improving physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players.

17 Football-Specific Training Characteristics and Changes in Bone Characteristics in Male Academy Football Players

Reference: Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2026 Mar 20. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2025-0458. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Reece James Scott, Chris Saward, Craig Sale, Ruth James, Cleveland T Barnett, Ronan Kavanagh, Ian Varley
Summary: Quantifying load during training may progress our understanding of skeletal adaptation during team-sports, such as football. This study aimed to assess external training load and changes in bone characteristics and body composition over 14 weeks of preseason in academy footballers (n=15). Whole body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were performed at baseline and 14 weeks to assess bone characteristics and body composition. Global positioning systems (GPS) and changes in strength measures were monitored over 14 weeks to measure external load during competition and training. Bootstrapped paired-sample t-tests showed that academy footballers increased leg bone mineral content (BMC) (p=0.008), total BMC (p=0.022) and lean mass (p=0.030) following preseason. No other changes were shown in bone or body composition characteristics. Bootstrapped Pearson correlations showed positive associations between total BMC change and high metabolic load distance (HMLD: total amount of high-speed running coupled with the total distance of accelerations and decelerations, r=.36), accelerations (r=.42) and decelerations (r=.39). Change in lean mass was negatively correlated to high-speed running (r=-.49) and very high-speed running distance (r=-.45). There were no associations between changes in muscular strength and changes in bone or body composition. GPS-derived external load measurements of acceleration and deceleration in academy footballers were associated with a positive response in BMC. These adaptive responses may have been in response to external load measurements quantifiable by GPS. Further studies associating GPS-derived metrics with skeletal outcomes during football are required to fully elucidate how football-specific training characteristics may influence bone structural properties.

18 Psychometric validation of the Chinese big five inventory-2 and its short form in adolescent football players

Reference: Front Psychol. 2026 Mar 4:17:1772587. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1772587. eCollection 2026.
Authors: Ying Shuai, Shaoshen Wang, Garry Kuan, Yee Cheng Kueh
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12996129/pdf/fpsyg-17-1772587.pdf
Summary: This study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2-C) and its short form (BFI-2-S-C) in adolescent football players. It addresses a critical gap in personality assessment within Chinese sport contexts. A cross-sectional validation study was conducted with 450 adolescent football players (52.2% male; mean age = 12.94 ± 0.78 years) from 24 schools across 12 urban centers in Shandong Province, China. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using robust maximum-likelihood (MLR) estimation assessed structural validity. Reliability was evaluated through composite reliability coefficients and test-retest stability using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients. Construct validity examination included convergent validity (factor loadings, Average Variance Extracted, Composite Reliability) and discriminant validity (inter-factor correlations, Fornell-Larcker criterion). Both instrument versions demonstrated excellent fit to the hypothesized five-factor structure. The original 60-item model exhibited robust indices (RMSEA = 0.029, 90% CI [0.026, 0.032]; CFI = 0.964; TLI = 0.962; SRMR = 0.036), while the 30-item abbreviated version yielded comparable or marginally superior parameters (RMSEA = 0.036, 90% CI [0.031, 0.042]; CFI = 0.971; TLI = 0.968; SRMR = 0.036). Reliability coefficients substantially exceeded conventional thresholds for both versions (CR = 0.923-0.950 and CR = 0.895-0.911, respectively). Test-retest stability ranged from good to excellent across all dimensions (ICC = 0.777-0.872 and ICC = 0.762-0.942, respectively). Convergent validity was established through strong factor loadings and acceptable AVE values, with the abbreviated version demonstrating enhanced convergent properties. Discriminant validity was confirmed through inter-factor correlations below critical thresholds and satisfaction of the Fornell-Larcker criterion. The BFI-2-C and BFI-2-S-C are valid and reliable instruments for assessing personality traits in Chinese adolescent football players. The short form provides a time-efficient alternative without compromising psychometric quality, making both tools suitable for use in sport psychology research and applied youth athlete development.

19 Player health surveillance in football: a global map of programmes in national and international leagues and tournaments

Reference: Sci Med Footb. 2026 Mar 20:1-11. doi: 10.1080/24733938.2026.2642645. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Carolina Franco Wilke, Alan McCall, Andreas Serner, Geoffroy Berthelot, Andrew Massey, Stephen D Patterson, Katrine Okholm Kryger, Ben Clarsen
Summary: This study aimed to identify player health surveillance activities globally across international tournaments, national leagues, and national tournaments in any age group and sex, and to describe the programmes‘ stage, type of health data collected, methodological references, data management technology, and stakeholder involvement. A cross-sectional observational study was performed, using an online survey distributed between February 2024 and March 2025, and a snowball recruitment. The survey targeted stakeholders involved in data collection, management, or research in player health surveillance in football. Responses were obtained from 138 national leagues in 53 countries across all six confederations. Of these, 49 (36%) reported ongoing surveillance programmes, including 19 in women’s and 30 in men’s football. Another 15 (11%) programmes in the planning phase were reported. Surveillance was also identified in 15 international tournaments in five confederations. Most programmes had been conducted for more than one season (51, 80%), 33 (52%) collected illness data, and 11 (17%) included mental health problems. Consensus-based methodology was reported by 41 (64%) programmes, and 11 (17%) used sport-specific data platforms. Among national leagues, 29 (59%) reported to partner with another organization to implement surveillance (e.g. collect, analyse, and/or report data), compared to five (36%) programmes in international tournaments. This first global overview of player health surveillance in leagues and tournaments showed that ongoing programmes are concentrated in a few countries, unevenly distributed across confederations, and higher in men’s competitions compared to women’s, though surveillance has been planned in several women’s leagues.

20 Coach perceptions of „playing-up“ in youth football

Reference: J Sports Sci. 2026 Mar 18:1-16. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2026.2645490. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Adam L Kelly, Achuthan Shanmugaratnam, Liam Davies, Matthew Reeves, Matthew Andrew, James H Dugdale, Alexander B T McAuley
Summary: Football coaches are often searching for the most appropriate development environment to help every player to achieve their potential. When youth football players show advanced competencies within their own age group (i.e. U9, U10, U11, etc.), they may be permitted to compete in a chronologically older age group – commonly referred to as ‚playing-up‘. Despite this approach being regularly used in practice, coach perceptions of playing-up are yet to be empirically evaluated. Therefore, this study used semi-structured interviews with ten academy football coaches from the United Kingdom to examine their perceptions of playing-up on player development. Following thematic analysis, results showed three higher-order themes comprising nine lower-order themes: (a) strengthening communication approaches (i.e. refine terminology used, emphasise communication between coaches and players, and educate key stakeholders), (b) considering support from social agents (i.e. include parents in the process, involve coaches and multidisciplinary staff in decision-making, and promote supportive peer environments), and (c) facilitating individual player development (i.e. challenge technical and tactical skills, reflect on psychosocial impact, and consider physical competencies). These findings highlight how coaches perceive playing-up as a useful holistic player development tool, which could be enhanced through effective key stakeholder communication and support.

21 Fueling Women’s Football: Evidence-Informed Practical Nutrition Strategies for Performance and Health

Reference: Sports Med. 2026 Mar 18. doi: 10.1007/s40279-026-02413-8. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Abbie E Smith-Ryan, Sam R Moore, Michelle Arent et al.
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40279-026-02413-8.pdf
Summary: This paper synthesizes current research on women’s football to develop comprehensive, evidence-informed nutritional strategies tailored to the specific demands of the sport. Four key themes are addressed: (1) energy requirements in women’s football; (2) macronutrient and nutrient-timing applications around training and match play, including an illustrative case study; (3) supporting a player with inadequate energy intake, including an illustrative case study; and (4) nutritional considerations relating to fluctuations in female sex hormones. Rather than providing another descriptive narrative review, this synthesis translates research findings into practical strategies for implementation in real-world performance environments. Adequate energy availability is identified as a fundamental nutritional priority. Carbohydrate and protein intake are emphasized as essential for sustaining training quality, supporting recovery, and maximizing match performance. Nutrient timing is highlighted as a critical determinant of in-season performance and effective match preparation. Consideration is also given to the influence of hormonal fluctuations on thermoregulation and menstrual cycle-related symptoms, alongside nutritional strategies to mitigate these effects. This synthesis underscores the importance of individualized nutritional strategies to optimize health, performance, and return-to-play outcomes in women footballers.

22 Deep learning for dynamic tactical formation recognition in professional football

Reference: Sci Rep. 2026 Mar 17. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-41383-9. Online ahead of print.
Authors: YuDong Wang, QianCheng ShangGuan, GuoQiang Chen, YuChen Chen
Download link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-41383-9_reference.pdf

23 Misalignments in athletic ambitions and motives for participation in youth football: a cross-sectional study of players, parents, and coaches

Reference: Front Sports Act Living. 2026 Feb 26:8:1769158. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1769158. eCollection 2026.
Authors: Siv Skard, Malene Joensen, Hilde Gundersen, Hege Randi Eriksen
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12979099/pdf/fspor-08-1769158.pdf
Summary: While the gender gap in ambitions and motives in sports has been widely studied, less attention has been paid to the potential discrepancies between the perspectives of youth athletes, their coaches, and their parents. This study examines the extent to which youth football players‘ ambitions and motives for participation are accurately perceived by two key socializers: coaches and parents. Furthermore, it investigates whether systematic gender differences exist in these perceptions. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey, we collected data from youth football players, age 13-16 yrs (N = 593, 44.8% female), their coaches (N = 99, 11.1% female), and their parents (N = 528, 59.8% female). Our findings reveal significant misalignments between the views of players, coaches, and parents regarding the players‘ level of ambition and main motives to participate in organized football. Females‘ motives and ambitions are in particular underestimated by their parents and coaches. These misalignments could reinforce gendered narratives in sports, potentially leading to unequal resource allocation. Our study highlights the need for better alignment between the perceptions of coaches and parents and the actual ambitions and motives among youth players to promote equal support and development opportunities for all.

24 Beyond the pitch: The unaddressed challenges of inadequate uniforms in women’s football

Reference: Excli J. 2026 Feb 10:25:339-341.  doi: 10.17179/excli2025-9263. eCollection 2026.
Authors: Rizia Rocha-Silva, Geovana José, Marília Santos Andrade, Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12982871/pdf/EXCLI-25-339.pdf