As previous literature updates, I have performed a PubCrawler search looking for football articles in NCBI Medline (PubMed) and GenBank databases.

Following studies were retrieved for this week:

1 Comparison of Unilateral and Bilateral Jump Training on Physical Performance Adaptations in Prepubertal and Pubertal Youth Soccer Players

Reference: J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2026 Apr 1;11(2):146. doi: 10.3390/jfmk11020146.
Authors: Wajdi Dardouri, Raouf Hammami, Abdelkader Mahmoudi, Roland van den Tillaar
Summary: This randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate how volume-matched unilateral and bilateral jump training affects physical performance in prepubertal and pubertal male youth soccer players and to examine whether maturational status influences these training adaptations. Sixty-five male soccer players (age 10.5 ± 2.9 years; height 136.7 ± 17.8 cm; body mass 32.8 ± 8.6 kg; maturity offset -1.6 ± 1.0 years) completed an 8-week training program (two sessions/week). Participants were randomly assigned to a bilateral jump group (n = 22), unilateral jump group (n = 22), or control group (n = 21). Performance was evaluated in a single testing session, which included horizontal jump tests (bilateral standing long jump and single-leg hop distance), linear sprint tests over 10 m (acceleration) and 30 m (maximal sprint performance) using timed trials, and change-of-direction (COD) ability assessed via a standardized timed COD test. Significant main effects of time, maturation, and time × group interactions were observed for all outcomes (p ≤ 0.013). A maturation × group interaction was found for bilateral jump performance (p = 0.045), a group effect for 10 m sprint time (p = 0.015), and a time × maturation × group interaction for COD performance (p < 0.001). Both training groups had improved jump performance (jump distance) and 10 m sprint time across maturity levels, while no changes were observed in the control group. For 30 m sprint time, improvements were observed in both training groups in prepubertal players, whereas only the unilateral group showed improvements in pubertal players. COD performance (completion time) improved in the unilateral group at both maturity levels and in the bilateral group at the pubertal level. Structured jump training enhances horizontal jump distance, sprint performance, and COD ability in youth soccer players. Adaptations appear to be influenced by training modality and maturation, although these effects may vary depending on the specific performance task.

2 Functional movement quality, dynamic balance and injury prevalence in adolescent soccer players: comparison with sedentary adolescents

Reference: BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2026 Apr 23. doi: 10.1186/s13102-026-01712-x. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Abdullah Güllü, Merve Boz Ci̇nci̇
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13102-026-01712-x_reference.pdf
Summary: Functional movement quality and dynamic balance are key components that play an important role in relation to injury prevalence in adolescent athletes. Rapid growth and neuromuscular changes during mid-adolescence can increase susceptibility to movement deficiencies and sports-related injuries. Comparing physically active and sedentary adolescents within the same methodological framework may contribute to a better understanding of modifiable injury prevalence factors. A total of 184 adolescents aged 14–16 years were included in the study (48 male soccer players, 45 female soccer players, 48 sedentary males, and 43 sedentary females). Functional movement quality was assessed using Functional Movement Analysis (FMS), and dynamic balance was assessed using the Y-Balance Test. Agility, flexibility, and coordination tests were applied to assess biomotor capacities. The differences between the functional movement quality, dynamic balance, and biomotor performance variables of the research group were examined using one-way ANOVA followed by multiple comparisons. The effects of activity level (soccer player/sedentary), gender (male/female), and biological maturity offset (MO) factors on motor performance variables were analysed using 2 × 2 factorial ANCOVA. The relationships between the groups’ FMS, Y-Balance scores, and biomotor performance capacities were examined using Pearson correlation analysis. Soccer player groups exhibited significantly higher FMS scores (p < 0.05), Y-Balance composite scores (p < 0.001), and agility performance (p < 0.001) compared to sedentary participants. Activity level emerged as the primary determinant for all motor performance variables (p < 0.001), while the effect of gender was more limited. Significant correlations were found between FMS and Y-Balance test scores and agility and coordination performances (ranging from r = − 0.375 to r = 0.385, p < 0.01). No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of self-reported injury prevalence (p > 0.05). Regular soccer training was found to positively affect the functional movement quality, dynamic balance, and agility performance of adolescents. The results suggested that FMS and Y-Balance Tests were more suitable tools for identifying individual movement deficiencies and planning targeted training programs in this age group, rather than solely predicting future injury.

3 Acute effects of FIFA 11+ warm-up on skin temperature in male and female amateur soccer players

Reference: Physiol Meas. 2026 Apr 22. doi: 10.1088/1361-6579/ae63a4. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Patricia Caudet, Ernest Baiget, Abraham Batalla, Joshua Colomar, Francisco Corbi
Summary: Warm-up is a fundamental part of the training session and competition preparation, improving performance and reducing sports injuries. The FIFA 11+ is a specific evidence-based routine created to enhance neuromuscular performance and prevent lower-limb injuries. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive tool for monitoring tissue state and thermoregulation responses. This study examined the acute effects of the FIFA 11+ warm-up on skin surface temperature (Tsk) patterns of the dominant lower limb in amateur football players using IRT. Approach: A pre-post observational design was applied to 120 amateur players (60 men, 60 women) before a match. Baseline and post-intervention Tsk measurements were acquired with a FLIR T540-EST camera following the ThermoINEF protocol. Main results: Significant post-warm-up Tsk reductions were detected in proximal muscle regions, particularly in quadriceps and adductors, with a reduction of -1.9 to -2.4ºC (ES = -1.63 to -1.92, large) in women and -0.7 to -1.2ºC (ES = -0.66 to -1.07, moderate) in men. Conversely, distal regions such as the anterior plantar arch showed marked Tsk increases of +2.6ºC (ES = 1.83, large) in women; +2.1ºC (ES = 1.42, large) in men. Men exhibited higher absolute Tsk values overall (η2 ≈ 0.17-0.26), whereas women displayed greater relative percentage changes, including sex-specific Achilles tendon response (a decrease in women versus a slight increase in men). Significance: FIFA 11+ induces heterogeneous, region- and sex- dependent thermal adaptations, supporting the use of IRT as a valid tool for individualized warm-up monitoring and optimization in football. 

4 Force Plate Derived Descriptive Data for the Countermovement Jump, Single Leg Countermovement, and Countermovement Rebound in Elite Female Youth Soccer Players

Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2026 May 1;40(5):610-621. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005375.
Authors: Jack T Fahey, Paul Comfort, Nicholas J Ripley
Summary: This study was designed to compare phase-specific metrics for normative data for countermovement jump (CMJ), single leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ), and countermovement rebound jump (CMJ-R) in elite female youth soccer players across different ages. Ninety-four highly trained to elite female soccer players were categorized into 3 distinct phases: Foundation Development Phase (U11-U12, n = 21, 10.9 ± 0.6 years, 42.8 ± 7.6 kg, 148.6 ± 7.6 cm), Youth Development Phase (U13-U15, n = 35, 13.6 ± 1.0 years, 54.8 ± 7.9 kg, 160.6 ± 6.5 cm), and Professional Development Phase (U16-U21, n = 38, 16.2 ± 1.1 years, 63.4 ± 6.8 kg, 167.3 ± 5.8 cm) completed 3 CMJ, SLCMJ, and CMJ-R trials on force plates. A series of 1-way analysis of variance with pairwise comparisons and Hedge’s g effect sizes (g) were performed to determine differences between phases. Jump height increased with age across all jumps (g = 0.14-1.34) with older players demonstrating a greater countermovement displacement and time to take-off to achieve higher relative net propulsive impulse. This information offers practitioners valuable insights into how age influences jump performance in female youth soccer players, enabling effective design of strength and conditioning programs to maximize jump performance.

5 Soccer pass performance following caffeine intake with deliberate or maintenance practice

Reference: J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2026 Dec 31;23(1):2663140. doi: 10.1080/15502783.2026.2663140. Epub 2026 Apr 21.
Authors: Burak Çağlar Yaşlı, Özcan Esen, Aysberg Şamil Önlü, Oğuzhan Tuncel, Muhammed Uygar Sertkaya, Alejandro Muñoz, Raci Karayiğit
Download link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/15502783.2026.2663140?needAccess=true
Summary: The impact of caffeine on strength and endurance performance is well acknowledged, yet its influence on skill performance remains contentious. A potential scenario in which caffeine augments the efficacy of practice could be useful for sports brokers who diligently pursue every nuance to enhance performance. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to examine the impact of 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeinated coffee intake combined with deliberate (DP) or maintenance practice (MP) on passing performance in adolescent football players. The study also discusses how DP and MP affect passing accuracy without considering caffeine or placebo conditions, as well as how athletes perceive DP and MP and whether caffeine supplementation influences these perceptions. Fourteen adolescent male football players (14.07 ± 0.26 years; 174.28 ± 3.12 cm; 57.21 ± 8.40 kg) participated in a double-blind, randomized, counterbalanced, and crossover research design. For the experimental protocols, each participant visited an artificial turf pitch on four occasions, separated by 48 h. They received 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine sourced from coffee with DP (1), caffeinated coffee intake with MP (2), decaffeinated coffee with DP (3), and decaffeinated coffee with MP (4). Upon concluding the practice regimes, the athletes promptly expressed their evaluations of the practice on a scale of 1-10. The Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT), the One-Touch Passing Test (OTPT), and the Long Passing Test (LPT) were administered to evaluate participants‘ passing proficiency at both the beginning and end of each session. There was no difference in LSPT, OTPT, or LPT values following caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA) supplementation after DP or MP. Regardless of CAF-PLA conditions, although both practices improve the LSPT original time, penalty time, and performance time, only MP increases the LPT score (21.9%; p = 0.03). Caffeine also has no additional modifier effect on practice perceptions. DP is considered more mentally challenging than MP (4.18 ± 2.3 & 1.9 ± 1.2; p > 0.05), but both practices are similar in terms of relevancy, enjoyment, and physicality. 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeinated coffee has no additional effects on DP or MP for passing performance. Regardless of CAF or PLA intake, both practices improve short-term passing, yet only MP appears effective for enhancing long-term passing in players with average technical ability. Accordingly, coaches may consider incorporating these strategies into pre-match warm-ups or structured training programs. Moreover, CAF did not influence players‘ perceptions of the training sessions, particularly when physical demand was minimal. Similarly, when comparing DP and MP, athletes reported similar perceptions, suggesting that the practical application of DP in field-based settings may diverge from its original theoretical framework. Further research needs to clarify how DP principles are implemented and perceived in real-world practice.

6 Epidemiology of Soccer Injuries Among Goalkeepers Presenting to US Emergency Departments: A 5-Year Descriptive Study

Reference: Clin J Sport Med. 2026 Apr 22. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000001471. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Logan Lake, Esha Reddy, Paul McMillan, Isaac Hale, Brian Grawe
Summary: The aim was to characterize the epidemiology, diagnosis, and mechanisms of soccer-related injuries among goalkeepers and compare them with those sustained by field players, stratified by age and sex. United States emergency departments reporting to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System between January 2019 and December 2023. All individuals who presented to US emergency departments with a soccer-related injury during the study period (n = 29 309 cases; national estimate 806 446). A subset of 562 cases were confirmed to have occurred while playing goalkeeper. Goalkeeper cases were identified through narrative key-term searches („goalkeeper,“ „keeper,“ or „goalie“). Data were analyzed by age group, sex, diagnosis, body part injured, and mechanism of injury (MOI). National weighted injury estimates were used to assess differences in injury characteristics, diagnosis, and MOI between goalkeepers and field players, and across age groups and sex. Goalkeepers were twice as likely as field players to be diagnosed with concussion (12.8% vs 6.4%). They sustained higher proportions of upper extremity injuries, particularly wrist and finger injuries. The mean goalkeeper age was 15.1 years, with most cases in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (55%). School-aged children (6-11 years) were more likely to present after being struck by a soccer ball [odds ratios (OR) = 3.03] and to sustain fractures (OR = 2.21). Adolescents had increased odds of player-to-player collision injuries (OR = 2.26) and concussions (OR = 2.61). Young adults had greater odds of ground-related injuries (OR = 1.96) and joint dislocations (OR = 4.75). Men were more likely than women to be injured through collision with another player (P = 0.015). There are distinct position- and age-specific patterns in soccer-related injuries presenting to US emergency departments. Goalkeepers face a disproportionate risk of upper extremity injuries and concussions, underscoring the importance of tailored injury-prevention strategies and greater awareness among coaches, trainers, and players.

7 Wearing a custom-made mouthguard limits acute changes in functional connectivity associated with heading in male soccer players

Reference: Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2026 Apr 20;69(5):102118. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2026.102118. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Sarah Fuentes, Philippe Poisson, Thomas Tourdias, Bei Zhang, Patrick Dehail, Hélène Cassoudesalle
Download link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-S1877065726000217/first-page-pdf

8 Rapid isometric hamstring strength scores from professional soccer players at pre-season: Positional differences and relationship to peak force

Reference: PLoS One. 2026 Apr 21;21(4):e0347685. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0347685. eCollection 2026.
Authors: Nicholas Joel Ripley, Steven Ross, Jack Fahey, Christopher Bramah, Paul Jones, Paul Comfort
Download link: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0347685
Summary: The assessment of rapid force within a single joint assessment is becoming common practice within elite sport environments. Recent observations have highlighted that rapid force maybe more sensitive to fatigue than peak force within the hamstrings. Yet limited information exists on rapid force production in elite male soccer players. Eighty-nine senior professional men’s soccer players (age; 24.2 ± 5.1 years, height; 1.83 ± 0.05 m, mass; 78.95 ± 7.53 kg) participated within the present study they performed two isometric assessments at joint angles of 30° and 90° of hip flexion and knee. They performed three trials with mean and standard deviation determined differences between soccer positions (defender, midfielder and strikers) and differences between limbs were determined via two-way ANOVA with post-hoc analysis. A small overall effect was observed between positions was observed for both the 90:90 (p = 0.709, η2P = 0.17), and 30:30 isometric assessments (p = 0.604, η2P = 0.02), with trivial pairwise positional differences (d = 0.00-0.03) observed for relative force at 100 ms and 200 ms. Pearson’s correlation coefficients revealed moderate relationships (r = 0.34-0.48) between rapid force and peak force. Positional differences were only observed when rapid force was made relative to peak force, with midfielders producing greater relative force within 100 ms in comparison to both defenders and forwards, which could be a result of match demands for high-speed running. Using both peak and rapid force would enable accurate reflection of changes through training or fatigue, which could be used to monitor the risk of hamstring injury.

9 Female Health Literacy Among Professional Female Soccer Players and Their Staff-A Single-Club Exploratory Study

Reference: Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2026 Apr 20:1-11. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2025-0343. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Charlotte Steele, Lee Taylor, Bryna Catherine Rose Chrismas
Summary: Female health literacy (FHL) remains poorly understood in professional soccer, despite its relevance to injury prevention, performance, and career longevity. This study assessed FHL among players and staff at a professional soccer club. Sixteen female players (18-35 y, 16 h/wk training) and 6 staff (5 coaching/performance, 1 support/operational; 2 females, 4 males) participated. A bespoke 42-item questionnaire (Qualtrics) assessed FHL across 8 domains: menstrual health, breast health, pelvic floor health, low energy availability, bone health, concussion, anterior cruciate ligament injury, and pregnancy. Scores (max = 49) reflected overall FHL. Participants also rated their confidence in their current knowledge and comfort discussing each domain on a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using linear models (R Studio). Overall FHL scores did not differ (t20 = 1.21, P = .24) between players (median: 54.7% of correct answers given) and staff (63.8%), although marked within-group variance (players: 27%-81%; staff: 54.1%-81.6%) was evident. Staff scored higher in the pregnancy domain (t20 = 2.97, P = .007); no other domain showed between-group differences (P ≥ .06). Players (4 [1-5]) and staff (3 [1-5]) reported similar comfort levels discussing FHL domains, and confidence levels in their FHL knowledge were also comparable between players (2 [1-4]) and staff (3 [2-4]). FHL scores among professional soccer players and staff are highly varied. Improving FHL through targeted, context-specific education and structural support may promote informed decision making, and support player performance and well-being.

10 Bilateral Open Adductor Longus Tenotomy Is Associated With Predictable Return to Play in Professional Soccer Players: A Case Series of 100 Patients

Reference: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2026 Apr 10. doi: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000003931. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Ramón Cugat, Ferran Montaña, David Barastegui, Damaris Barrueto, Miguel Vázquez, Alfred Ferré-Aniorte, Patricia Láiz, Roberto Seijas
Summary: Dynamic pubic osteopathy is a clinical diagnosis characterized by chronic localized pain at the pubic insertion of the adductor longus that can limit high-level athletic performance in professional soccer players. Although open adductor longus tenotomy has been used for decades in selected athletes, little is known about return-to-play (RTP) timelines and outcomes in professional soccer players undergoing modern bilateral open release. We asked: (1) How long after bilateral open adductor longus tenotomy did professional soccer players return to unrestricted match participation? (2) What proportion returned to their preinjury competitive level? (3) Was player age associated with RTP duration? (4) What complications and reoperations occurred after surgery? We performed a retrospective case series of 100 professional men’s soccer players (Tegner activity level 9 to 10) who underwent bilateral open adductor longus tenotomy between 2011 and 2024. All patients were diagnosed clinically with dynamic pubic osteopathy based on localized pubic insertion pain reproduced with resisted adduction. Radiographs were used to exclude fractures, stress fractures, tumors, or avulsion injuries. MRI was performed to evaluate associated findings such as bone edema or degenerative changes of the pubic symphysis; however, imaging findings were frequently within normal limits or reflected chronic adaptive changes unrelated to current symptoms. All athletes had persistent symptoms despite structured nonoperative management including flexibility work and training-load modification. During the study period, these 100 players represented all surgically treated patients with this diagnosis at our institution, and no patients were lost to follow-up. The primary endpoint was days from surgery to medical clearance for unrestricted match play. Secondary endpoints included return to preinjury level, complications, and reoperations. Major complications were defined as events that substantially altered recovery (such as infection, clinically important bleeding, or thromboembolic events). Correlation between age and RTP was assessed using Spearman coefficient. All 100 players returned to competitive soccer. The median (IQR) RTP time was 87 days (62 to 128). Ninety-eight percent (98 of 100) resumed competition at their preinjury level; one returned at a lower competitive level, and one retired for reasons unrelated to surgery. Age was not associated with time to RTP (ρ = 0.04; p = 0.84). Two percent (2 of 100) underwent revision surgery. No major complications occurred. In this study of professional men’s soccer players with clinically diagnosed dynamic pubic osteopathy, bilateral open adductor longus tenotomy was associated with return to unrestricted match play at a median of 87 days, with 98% resuming their preinjury competitive level. No major complications occurred, and 2% of players underwent revision surgery. Within the limits of this retrospective design, the procedure may be considered a surgical option in high-performance athletes with persistent symptoms despite structured nonoperative management.

11 French Contrast Training Can Improve Sprint Performance in Elite Male Youth Soccer Players Compared to Conventional Strength Training

Reference: Res Q Exerc Sport. 2026 Apr 20:1-11. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2026.2649327. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Jakob Bak Sloth Thomsen, Benjamin Alan Kilburn, Jonas Winther Sørensen, Jesper Lundbye-Jensen
Summary: This study examined the effects of 14 weeks of French Contrast Training (FCT) versus conventional strength training on athletic performance and neuromuscular characteristics in elite youth soccer players. Twenty-three elite male U19 soccer players were assigned to either an FCT group (FCTG) or a control group (CON) that performed conventional strength training (CON). Subjects underwent pre-, mid-, and post-training testing, including a 30-meter sprint, Countermovement Jump, Broad Jump and Drop Jump. Dynamic strength was assessed as estimated one-repetition maximum Trap Bar Deadlift, whereas isometric strength was assessed as Maximal Voluntary Contraction force and Peak Rate of Force Development in Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull. The significance level was set at p ≤ .05. The FCTG demonstrated significant improvements in 5 m, 10 m, and 30 m sprint times (9.43%, 4.49%, and 2.58%, respectively), whereas the CON showed no improvement. A group × time interaction favored the FCTG at 5 m (p = .02) and 25 m (p = .03). Both groups showed comparable improvements in maximal dynamic strength, maximal isometric strength, Reactive Strength Index (RSI),) and drop jump height (DJH). However, greater improvements in the peak rate of force development were observed following FCT. French Contrast training elicited superior improvements in sprint performance and rate of force development compared with conventional strength training, despite similar gains in maximal strength. These findings suggest that French Contrast training may be an effective strategy for enhancing sprint-related performance in elite youth soccer players.

12 Adjunctive Acupuncture and Moxibustion for Pain Control Due to Recurrent Posterior Shoulder Dislocation in a Female Soccer Player: A Case Report

Reference: Cureus. 2026 Mar 18;18(3):e105471. doi: 10.7759/cureus.105471. eCollection 2026 Mar.
Authors: Keisaku Kimura, Yusuke Murakoshi, Daichi Kasuya
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13090613/pdf/cureus-0018-00000105471.pdf
Summary: Recurrent shoulder dislocation occurs in soccer when the shoulder joint is subjected to external forces during falls or contact with opposing players. We administered acupuncture treatment to a soccer player complaining of pain as a sequela of dislocation. The results showed that shoulder pain decreased, allowing the player to perform at their usual level. This suggests that acupuncture treatment, when combined with other manual therapies and inner muscle training, may be effective for conditioning.

13 Comparative analysis of psychological competitive abilities in South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese youth soccer players

Reference: Front Psychol. 2026 Apr 2:17:1415774. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1415774. eCollection 2026.
Authors: Changliang Yan, Jungwoon Seo, Yongse Kim, Qingyun Jin
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13083151/pdf/fpsyg-17-1415774.pdf
Summary: This study analyzed and compared the psychological competitive abilities of 466 youth soccer players from South Korea (n = 152), China (n = 151), and Japan (n = 163) using the Diagnostic Inventory of Psychological Competitive Ability (DIPCA.3) as the measurement tool. The results revealed significant cross-cultural differences: Chinese players exhibited greater patience (M = 4.42) than South Korean (M = 4.09) and Japanese players (M = 3.94, p < 0.001). South Korean and Japanese players showed significantly higher volition for winning (M = 4.31 and 4.37, respectively) than their Chinese counterparts (M = 3.94, p < 0.001). South Korean athletes also reported the highest levels of confidence (M = 4.29, p < 0.001) and cooperation (M = 4.73, p < 0.001). These findings highlight the need for culturally tailored psychological interventions to optimize coaching strategies across East Asian soccer academies.

14 Distinct meniscus tears and bone bruise patterns in soccer players with anterior cruciate ligament injuries: A comparative study of noncontact and contact mechanisms

Reference: Knee. 2026 Apr 17:61:104458. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2026.104458. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Kohei Kamada, Karina Dias, Romed P Vieider, Volker Musahl; Pittsburgh ACL Study Group
Summary: The aim was to compare meniscal tear characteristics and bone bruise distribution patterns between noncontact and contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in soccer players. This retrospective cohort study reviewed all soccer players who underwent primary ACL reconstruction between 2013 and 2023. Patients were categorized as having noncontact or contact injuries based on detailed clinical documentation. Meniscal tear morphology and distribution were assessed arthroscopically. Bone bruises were evaluated on magnetic resonance imaging across the lateral and medial femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, subdivided into anterior, central, and posterior regions. Group comparisons were performed using chi-square and t-tests, with significance set at P < 0.05. Among the 246 athletes (98 males and 148 females; mean age 19 ± 6 years), 207 (84%) sustained noncontact and 39 (16%) contact injuries. Lateral meniscus posterior-horn tears were more frequent in noncontact injuries (86% vs. 57%, P = 0.01), whereas lateral radial mid-body tears occurred more often in contact injuries (36% vs. 5%, P < 0.01). Lateral posterior-root tears were observed solely in the noncontact group (15% vs. 0%, P = 0.01). Contact injuries showed a broader bruise distribution in the lateral femoral condyle and higher incidence of large, diffuse bruises than noncontact injuries (18% vs. 4%, P < 0.01). In soccer players with ACL injuries, noncontact mechanisms were predominant and more frequently associated with lateral posterior root tears and a characteristic tibiofemoral lateral bruise pattern. Contact mechanisms were more frequently associated with lateral radial mid-body tears and large lateral femoral condyle bruises. These findings provide insights into preoperative planning based on ACL injury mechanism.

15 Offensive transitions in football as a decisive way to obtain goals in Top, Marginal and Emerging leagues

Reference: Sci Rep. 2026 Apr 24. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-49831-2. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Pedro Eusebio, Pablo Prieto-González, Rui Marcelino
Download link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-49831-2_reference.pdf
Summary: Offensive transitions in modern football have been identified as a decisive moment in a game, as they offer a high potential for scoring goals and creating defensive imbalances. To investigate the impact of offensive transitions on the performance of different national football leagues, this study analyzed data from 1151 games belonging to nine leagues/countries, which were divided into three categories: Top, Marginal, and Emerging. The classification of leagues (Top, Marginal, Emerging) is used as a proxy for competitive context rather than a direct measure of tactical quality. A total of 3497 goals were scored in these games, and they were classified according to their origin, including: (i) non-offensive transitions (NT), (ii) direct offensive transitions (OT), (iii) set pieces (SP), and (iv) positive outcomes of offensive transitions (POS OUT). Results showed that Top Leagues scored significantly more goals from offensive transitions (mean difference of 0.28 goals per game compared to Marginal Leagues, 95% CI [0.14; 0.41], and compared to Emerging Leagues, 95% CI [0.12; 0.44], respectively) and exhibited a higher goal-scoring rate from combined offensive transitions (OT + POS OUT = 53%) compared to the Emerging (42%) and Marginal Leagues (43%). Furthermore, Emerging and Marginal Leagues performed better in terms of goals scored from non-offensive transitions and set pieces, suggesting the presence of specific characteristics in these leagues. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the differential role of offensive transitions across national football leagues and the systematic variation in their contribution to goal-scoring across competitive contexts. These findings indicate that offensive transition effectiveness varies systematically across competitive contexts, and that motion analysis technology and optical sensors represent methodological avenues for further investigation of the underlying tactical and organizational determinants.

16 Qualitative study of walking football participation and wellbeing among caregivers of people living with dementia

Reference: Sci Rep. 2026 Apr 24. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-49922-0. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Oluwakemi Odufuwa, Ivelina Tsocheva, Bernice Njita, David Hewson
Summary: Walking Football (WF) is a modified version of football played at walking pace that was developed to increase physical activity levels in people who do not engage in traditional forms of physical activity. The focus on walking football was initially on people aged 50 and over with conditions such as diabetes, but more recently WF has been studied in people living with dementia. However, research in this area is still limited, particularly when the benefits of WF are explored from the perspective of the caregivers of people living with dementia (PLWD). This study aims to explore the perceptions and experiences of caregivers in terms of the influence of WF in relieving the caregivers‘ burden and the quality of life (QOL). The study uses a qualitative approach, with semi-structured interviews held with caregivers of PLWD who participate in WF. Thematic analysis identified five themes relating to caregivers‘ experiences: caregiver burden, social interaction, emotional and mental wellbeing, embodied activity and functional engagement, and quality of life. Three themes were identified for people living with dementia: memory recollection, physical activity, and community belonging and peer support. The study highlights that participation in WF sessions may reduce perceived caregiving strain, improve social support, and contribute to caregivers‘ overall wellbeing and QOL. The findings suggest that WF may function as a shared psychosocial activity, offering caregivers opportunities for respite, social interaction, and physical activity while supporting the wellbeing of people living with dementia.

17 Characteristics of Developmental Activities Among Chinese Female Football Players: A Comparative Analysis Between National and Professional level

Reference: Psychol Sport Exerc. 2026 Apr 21:103138. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103138. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Sihang Wang, Qiaozhu Chen, Haochang Cai, Pei Li, Hongyou Liu
Summary: The purpose of this study was to investigate the developmental activities of Chinese female national and professional football players. A total of 193 players (62 national-level, 131 professional-level) completed the Participation History Questionnaire (PHQ), which included demographic information (birthdate, birthplace), milestones across childhood (6-12 years), adolescence (13-17 years), and adulthood (>18 years), engagement in football-specific activities, participation in other sports, and social support factors. Chi-square tests revealed a significant relative age effect (RAE) among professional players (Q1: 36.6%, 48/131; χ2 (3) = 10.832, P = 0.013), but not among national players (χ2(3) = 3.419, P = 0.331), and no significant between-group difference in birth-quarter distribution (χ2(3) = 0.256, P = 0.968, Cramer’s V = 0.036). With respect to birthplace, both national and professional players were predominantly born in economically developed and densely populated cities, with 37.2% (64/172) originating from (emerging) first-tier cities and 46.5% (80/172) from megacities. Chi-square tests indicated no significant between-group differences in birthplace distributions across either economic tiers (χ2 (4) = 3.038, P = 0.55, Cramer’s V = 0.113) or population-size categories (χ2 (3) = 0.715, P = 0.87, Cramer’s V = 0.064). Milestone analyses demonstrated that national players initiated football participation (8.6 ± 1.6 vs. 10.8 ± 1.9 years, Z = -7.042, P < 0.001), commenced coach-led practice (10.3 ± 2.1 vs. 11.2 ± 1.9 years, Z = -3.380, P = 0.001), and reached the first team of senior professional clubs (17.9 ± 1.1 vs. 18.6 ± 1.4 years, Z = -3.845, P < 0.001) at significantly younger ages than professional players. Only 7.8% of players (15/193) (National: N = 10, Professional: N = 5) reported engagement in other sports. No significant between-group differences were observed in perceived social support. These findings characterize the developmental profiles of Chinese female football players and provide a basis for refining talent identification systems and informing evidence-based strategies for long-term athlete development and differentiated training programmes.

18 Injury incidence, burden, and patterns in Peruvian football: A retrospective analysis of the 2023 regular season versus the 2020 season during the COVID-19 pandemic

Reference: Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2026 Mar-Apr;70(2):T98-T104. doi: 10.1016/j.recot.2025.11.020. Epub 2025 Nov 17. [Article in English, Spanish]
Authors: A Villalobos-Otayza, C Arias-Calderon, N Castrejon-Arias
Download link: https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/277715/1-s2.0-S1888441525X00072/1-s2.0-S1888441525002024/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEN3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQCQwEA03c7Rsw8lmXwmZcsnXEgsuBZ2HLKZpErEFhj3kwIhAPJxNkXgjixPEt69r2ZHkNoC%2BaCb2tVnRAS33ztPhXhkKrwFCKb%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQBRoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1IgzeSs2943t09FBduNcqkAVcose11ZTs%2BHr4DJG9FQkk6vb0r39lHcW8jg8VAzLWW4xckQvHMeWg2dfIpIGVP%2FVnBD2Afp98fRY66XPH27E%2BLC7hvtPJSq71%2BHFw7FpflsNq540W8o2qvP9%2B4EbikNaH%2F4dT3ESncJsZ95I1KByQp7ZwD9Gy8tUrRQ%2FXUiLx%2FmFyEb9Cb13%2BofZrprcoDNe%2F%2BV99rTlL1seb3t3v1rDD2WzOTuuQppnWmYPc7KKawLcrjiyEAYNonLDs5wAd4UxS%2F6neg91UQg5waikg6v6%2FMYrzaWoWqcztRuQ850ti%2BmIarJIeJsrTD94urooOhMB%2FcMF3%2BeRnTfHn%2B0mOLAvzGhB%2BlH9sAZKUVNTGhYem7HnSyUXVZfIMRxiN0AGMNX5v23VpCLy7icXgMgJrzsDKapa3vyozZ%2FW7RGVQQkNM5jgKROSkDreEQpe76jcFI6wrc28IYjYUm68nYHX%2BdChSwg8UjLggDb0hTSmpWaMbNjkm%2BoJ1ybP1LtbmxX3n%2FmFnOM9TGM7e%2FcMU6uW5BbFNixfZdhJgobB%2FyXZokcCl5CqUeX0DVzRbi29Bzh%2BTTnv%2BnZSVnlLHPNebBmpn9c3QMJCBk13eqN9g2AdLbMl5mWzmnBtefqViQOQjywknQXgjbrlOQBfWZ%2FYxROFApIbQBOLvMFqzCk4oHPB7WMNRtjW0kiWdTAa4LPjjohPKHukrfFVodsUB5%2BlNAI%2BFM92BXAVbifQtkvRuVN1dPr8zNhVv9sKcp7bjldn1%2BAsoSBc%2FRPBny3JGBp9U8pemVpvz%2FSCWZAdfKgb03ybmY%2F8CGYbylbT%2FfrAkErtSdZExA3AtZtvEeyMTvbtC9e9Bs2ly0vRAjboy4NwP3%2BRcaj4vKDC4uLbPBjqwATjqeIn%2BFqrzDhsoUFyiO0YW0oZy%2FG0J90dj2pvDqI17EBwvH4bQkwHFsyn0o4XqaaBPax5Ci0L7t6CmqaWkZpnlIVoUekKSpyO7ZtxCnOVrQQUBcPTgg5tfdYaV8HcVQfBsIDrDXcqNbNu%2FCcYSn0S%2FcYQssr2%2BHzp29mOhV6ExnZ7I05S1PSBmEWD9crwqjTUH9l9ivWmSC9rnlKVgRLrKOj07s3DNIyyOSISuvPyJ&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20260426T060941Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYZKYTG34S%2F20260426%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=5c030a73299079408e2c8e0900825fb3c42a4991a0846f342d47348946c58d7d&hash=fdfc03afd55e584239022997e796a41630ff6013b1d32e100bd8bcea779c7025&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S1888441525002024&tid=spdf-3ee2a5dc-f592-4ab5-994e-3fa7d42589ba&sid=1b44e31e9e017642358b23e7f1b40af1573egxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=1e005e045154520c565655&rr=9f236b881a1edbc7&cc=de
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic led to the suspension of football leagues worldwide, resulting in changes to tournament formats and player performance. While European leagues have reported injury characteristics during this period, similar analyses are lacking in South America. This study aimed to compare injury incidence, burden, and patterns between a regular season (2023) and the pandemic-affected season (2020) in Peruvian professional football. A total of 266 and 360 official matches were analyzed from the 2020 and 2023 seasons, respectively. Injury data were collected through video analysis of official broadcasts, sports media publications, and official statements from club medical departments. Injury severity was classified based on days absent until return to full competition. Injury burden was defined as total days absent per 1000h of exposure. Injury incidence rates (injuries per 1000h) and injury characteristics (type, anatomical location, mechanism, and severity) were compared between seasons. The 2020 season included 19 teams, 521 registered players, and 28 matches per team. In 2023, 20 teams and 532 players participated, with each team playing 37 matches. No significant difference was found in match injury incidence between seasons. However, injury burden in 2020 was 1.23 times higher (95% CI, p<.01) compared to 2023, with a median difference of 6 days absent per injury (U=77, p<.001). Contact injuries significantly decreased in the 2020 season (RR 0.58, 95% CI, p<.05). Although injury incidence remained similar, the 2020 pandemic season showed higher injury burden and fewer contact injuries, highlighting the need for adaptive strategies to protect athlete health during unexpected interruptions.

19 Injury incidence, burden, and patterns in peruvian football: A retrospective analysis of the 2023 regular season versus the 2020 season during the COVID-19 pandemic

Reference: Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2026 Mar-Apr;70(2):98-104. doi: 10.1016/j.recot.2025.07.019. Epub 2025 Aug 23. [Article in English, Spanish]
Authors: A Villalobos-Otayza, C Arias-Calderon, N Castrejon-Arias
Download link: https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/277715/1-s2.0-S1888441525X00072/1-s2.0-S1888441525001432/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEN3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQDQRzp3nfJ62aINZygOofvhwm%2BrGS05YESJhdhSZLE5dwIgOd5yw2seHvhc8fseMems1Ef1mLpNOOkWpYauID0TQVQqvAUIpv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDJg5XhwVUbiPvkK8SCqQBfP6q%2BAyafCA61N9hMhkett2twKTURwinFBVIV%2BsWEqio%2BOVOdqSliHLPjaDMWEYGAZKIU6qnEIFAUkODwUGLfsULP2Hfv2CejGb0y%2FMLk4SFGK3sXR5ied26G2fwn5X0ez8unNDOEsoUjpMzYmWZE%2B33UdUG7JV3mIgpx9%2FSu0cHXbrHWPAW7mO1HyNzmaxPJO%2BGrdXcr%2BzOJGiS6503dpfOdEbz7tAJZTt0GU2E7ayTrc5LO6u8E2fC4cb3MqHdcbFNM50SxXX9kvyFukkDU25hZFbTc4iB%2BqIS9FE261FD2Gn3Z%2BW6mZgGEntB3RSKpDDF5fozGuDS9ebPMFexQcHylsfGVVV2OmoznAwN519Rn1Aqj6aBhMjMyNBsLT6FhLSb%2BmfbTEGokLmDeBxEJuzxGQ0fXW1Al3d4m5Manwwdh%2FpjMongLAkpvTn%2FKlz%2B1aS9I40hctjQ86xgSF59f5sHa4K5Hvz%2FkmJ%2BVMIFLLklnVoH5C8Q%2FHxQD07ICjuMUS5v2RQ15zlkhvH88qPuYW7mlNRWx%2FFlJvQrS%2F2vDJ9xzP8h9luQvsxp5Si6b6t4tCFrBFsnNuGG406lBaqQOGW%2BYqSwWM9TzldALMouREpEogwdAThMgoyzbvxPEfIF%2FcL4fhW17DF86LVYCXSwpxWcRraiL%2FRiaBknoJGhVbt4UbZSNAeZ1YBE8mSuuvbPN010%2BL85YJNA9frkWPBVN7IEsfDNd4ytfh0HPkEk12lXpiq9jMT5hbirFzc8%2Bh377dlGa3r26%2B%2FdypfxWY86z8X6jjU6UnkpvmsJ0QMFYfc8%2BFW2AnGWIiheNDuh2d0nLwhBw7%2BbH8iCwpIBFCw5hgnGl3iK%2FBdylmsAoBMpzI2MIKtts8GOrEBeeDodVhGPrcD%2FNF%2B8Nz9xi1iGvDbhIDPorGf7ggKjMLy9SeF5Yz1nGOQOHakUCneaxnlRjj9ggHlIV%2Ba%2BYEG6Go5iwD%2FVyO7eiTXrObawLz2Np0LTAHh9DcXFgrBRXWnHpaJm0vSbcttRHGkDiytibmJ4obqFMxqwTX80lNd3DEMomI236RHSfAruAKb3yPqUDDXN0moPZlkFEtkyB8lJsQ%2Fe%2BZuxoTRASPwq650NrkH&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20260426T061020Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY44X5GGPH%2F20260426%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=81c22e1f9537e613ea9e1068a8ec0ad7945dabc5313afe1783798fb4421b4e65&hash=281ad45a4ccd484f7f35d0f6d4af22004dc942ffd6715958c00685f46d7243c0&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S1888441525001432&tid=spdf-85961dc8-a830-4003-97af-7577041b0605&sid=1b44e31e9e017642358b23e7f1b40af1573egxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=1e005e045154520d590c52&rr=9f236c7b6ff0dbc7&cc=de
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic led to the suspension of football leagues worldwide, resulting in changes to tournament formats and player performance. While European leagues have reported injury characteristics during this period, similar analyses are lacking in South America. This study aimed to compare injury incidence, burden, and patterns between a regular season (2023) and the pandemic-affected season (2020) in Peruvian professional football. A total of 266 and 360 official matches were analyzed from the 2020 and 2023 seasons, respectively. Injury data were collected through video analysis of official broadcasts, sports media publications, and official statements from club medical departments. Injury severity was classified based on days lost until return to full competition. Injury burden was defined as total days lost per 1000hours of exposure. Injury incidence rates (injuries per 1000hours) and injury characteristics (type, anatomical location, mechanism, and severity) were compared between seasons. The 2020 season included 19 teams, 521 registered players, and 28 matches per team. In 2023, 20 teams and 532 players participated, with each team playing 37 matches. No significant difference was found in match injury incidence between seasons. However, injury burden in 2020 was 1.23 times higher (95% CI, P<.01) compared to 2023, with a median difference of 6 days lost per injury (U=77, P<.001). Contact injuries significantly decreased in the 2020 season (RR 0.58, 95% CI, P<.05). Although injury incidence remained similar, the 2020 pandemic season showed higher injury burden and fewer contact injuries, highlighting the need for adaptive strategies to protect athlete health during unexpected interruptions.

20 The FIFA Female Health Project: Delivering Evidence-Based Strategies to Support Health and Performance in Women’s Football

Reference: Sports Med. 2026 Apr 22. doi: 10.1007/s40279-026-02424-5. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Charles R Pedlar, Katrine Okholm Kryger
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40279-026-02424-5.pdf

21 More Matches, Less Time: How Load Ratios Reveal Gaps Between Training and Competition in Football

Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2026 May 1;40(5):e500-e505. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005366.
Authors: Carlos Galiano, Fabio Y Nakamura, João Ribeiro, Iván Asín-Izquierdo, Jose A Asian-Clemente
Summary: The aim of this study was to analyze the external load ratios of professional football players across microcycles of different lengths and to compare the distribution of external load in each of these types of microcycles. Twenty-eight professional outfield soccer players were monitored daily using GPS for 2 seasons (2022/2023 to 2023/2024). Players participated in a total of 105 matches (regular season: 68, European competition: 20, national cup: 17) throughout the 2 analyzed seasons. Total distance, high-speed running (HSR), sprinting distance, number of sprints, and the number of accelerations/decelerations >3 m·s-2 were recorded during both training sessions and matches. Microcycles of 3, 4, 5, and 6 days were analyzed. An individual training-to-match ratio was calculated for each external load measure in each microcycle. All external load ratios showed differences across microcycle lengths (p < 0.001; η2p > 0.364) with larger ratio values for longer microcycle durations. Regardless of the microcycle duration, accelerations >3 m·s-2 showed higher values than the other variables (p < 0.013; ES > 0.29), while those related to high-speed activity displayed lower values than the rest (p < 0.001; ES > 0.37). This „overstimulation“ of accelerations >3 m·s-2 shows greater differences than the other variables as the microcycle lengthens. This insight can guide coaches in optimizing training periodization, ensuring a better balance between undervalued and overvalued variables, particularly for HSR and sprint performance in different microcycle structures.

22 Decision Speed and Technical Execution Under Fatigue: A Dual-Task Study in Youth Football

Reference: Percept Mot Skills. 2026 Apr 22:315125261446370. doi: 10.1177/00315125261446370. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Juan Miguel Ramírez Lucas, Juan Antonio Párraga Montilla, José Carlos Cabrera Linares, Pedro Ángel Latorre Román
Summary: This study aimed to examine the effects of physical fatigue on cognitive-motor performance in youth football players from different competitive categories using an ecologically valid dual-task test. A total of 45 male youth development football players: 14 from the under-14 category (12.36 ± 0.50 years), 16 from under-16 (15.25 ± 0.45 years), and 15 from under-18 (16.87 ± 0.64 years) joined in this study. Technical-tactical performance was assessed before and after fatigue using the Stroop Task Football Test, with the Repeated Sprint Ability protocol applied between assessments. Physical fatigue negatively affected cognitive-motor performance, particularly in the under-14 and under-16 groups. These categories showed significant increases in execution time (U14: 72.80 ± 5.56 vs. 81.35 ± 6.85 s; U16: 57.67 ± 3.79 vs. 60.76 ± 4.59 s) and reductions in the total index (U14: 51.35 ± 4.64 vs. 45.71 ± 4.61; U16: 63.97 ± 4.22 vs. 59.74 ± 5.53). In contrast, the under-18 group maintained stable performance. To sum, younger players appear more susceptible to performance declines under fatigue conditions, whereas under-18 players did not exhibit significant impairments. These findings highlight the importance of adapting training loads and recovery strategies according to developmental stage.

23 Collagen Type V alpha 1 chain and alpha-actinin-3 variants predict knee ligament injury risk in professional football players

Reference: J Exp Orthop. 2026 Apr 20;13(2):e70724. doi: 10.1002/jeo2.70724. eCollection 2026 Apr.
Authors: Yoshitomo Saita, Nanako Yamamoto, Eri Miyamoto-Mikami, Takaya Ohtaki, Hidenori Izawa, Yoshifumi Fukushima, Muneaki Ishijima, Noriyuki Fuku
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13093292/pdf/JEO2-13-e70724.pdf
Summary: The aim was to investigate whether polymorphisms in collagen Type V alpha 1 chain (COL5A1), actinin alpha 3 (ACTN3) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) are associated with susceptibility to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries in professional football players. Between 2017 and 2025, 122 male professional football players were enroled. Genotyping was performed for COL5A1 rs12722, COL5A1 rs10628678 (formerly rs71746744), ACTN3 rs1815739 and ACE rs4341. Players were classified based on the history of ACL/MCL injuries and prospectively monitored injuries. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Forty-three players sustained ACL or MCL injuries (15 before and 28 after team enrolment), including 17 ACL injuries. The COL5A1 rs10628678 dominant model (-/-+AGGG/- vs. AGGG/AGGG) was associated with an increased risk of overall knee ligament injury. The ACTN3 rs1815739 recessive model (XX vs. RR + RX) was associated with overall ligament and ACL injuries. Combined genotype analysis revealed that players with COL5A1 rs10628678 -/- and ACTN3 rs1815739 XX had the highest risk. When a simplified combined risk variable was defined (COL5A1 rs10628678 AGGG/- or -/- plus ACTN3 rs1815739 XX), this group accounted for 18.9% of the cohort and showed a significantly higher prevalence of ligament (70.7% vs. 29.3%) and ACL (30.4% vs. 10.1%) injuries. Logistic regression confirmed an independent threefold increase in risk. COL5A1 and ACTN3 variants may be associated with susceptibility to knee ligament injuries. Notably, this study suggests that both ligament-related (COL5A1) and muscle function-related genetic characteristics (ACTN3) may jointly influence injury risk. A simplified combined risk model identified nearly one-fifth of players as genetically high-risk, with an approximately threefold higher likelihood of ligament injury. These findings suggest that a single genetic test may help identify athletes at elevated risk who could potentially benefit from targeted preventive neuromuscular training strategies.

24 Impact of FIFA 11+ and Harmoknee warm-up protocols on coordination and change of direction performance in football athletes

Reference: BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2026 Apr 22. doi: 10.1186/s13102-026-01706-9. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Xiang Gao, Jian Li, Xuyan Cui, Chang Liu, Pukui Wang
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13102-026-01706-9_reference.pdf
Summary: The aim was to compare the intervention effects of the FIFA11 + and Harmoknee warm-up programs on the coordination and change-of-direction abilities (COD) of college soccer players. A randomized parallel-group experimental design was adopted. Fifty-three male university soccer players (mean age 21.6 ± 0.9 years) were randomly assigned to the FIFA 11 + group (N = 18), the Harmoknee group (N = 17), or the control group (N = 18). All three groups underwent an 8-week intervention with two training sessions per week. Coordination was assessed using the Haller cycle test (HCT), while COD ability was evaluated through the 5-0-5 test, Illinois agility test (IAT), T-test, and Slalom test. After the 8-week intervention, the FIFA11 + group demonstrated a significant main effect of time across all measured variables (P < 0.01). The Harmoknee group also showed significant improvements in all variables except the Slalom test (P < 0.05). The control group exhibited significant improvements only in the HCT (P < 0.01) and the IAT (P < 0.05). Between-group comparisons revealed that the FIFA11 + group performed significantly better than the control group in the post-test measurements of the HCT (P < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.942), the 5-0-5 test (P < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 1.125), the IAT (P < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 1.082), and the Slalom test (P < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 1.079). The Harmoknee group performed significantly better than the control group only in the 5-0-5 test (P < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.925) and the IAT (P < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.401). Both the 8-week FIFA11 + and Harmoknee warm-up programs can enhance the coordination and change-of-direction abilities of college soccer players, albeit to varying degrees. The FIFA11 + program demonstrated superior efficacy in improving change-of-direction abilities, particularly as measured by the 5-0-5, IAT, and T-tests. It also exhibited positive improvement trends and post-test advantages in coordination ability and the Slalom test. Therefore, in training contexts where the development of multiple COD abilities in soccer players is a priority, the more systematically structured FIFA11 + warm-up program may be recommended.