As previous literature updates, I have performed a PubCrawler search looking for football articles in NCBI Medline (PubMed) and GenBank databases.
Following studies were retrieved for this week:
1 A pragmatic, parallel-arm, randomised trial on the effects of two repeated-sprint training protocols on fitness outcomes in semi-professional male soccer players: preliminary report
Reference: Sci Med Footb. 2026 Jun 5:1-12. doi: 10.1080/24733938.2026.2684071. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Palash Gupta, Anthony P Turner, Shaun M Phillips, Matthew Weston
Summary: Repeated-sprint training is an effective training strategy, yet the impact of manipulating rest intervals is equivocal. Using a parallel group, randomised trial, we explored the effects of two six-week, twice-weekly, time- and volume-matched repeated-sprint protocols with different passive rest intervals on fitness outcomes in male soccer players. Twenty-three semi-professional soccer players were randomly allocated to Group 1 (10 s within-set, 80 s between-set rest; n = 12) or Group 2 (20 s within-set, 40-54 s between-set rest; n = 11). Both groups continued their regular soccer, gym training, and matches with all activities monitored using differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE, centiMax® scale). Fitness outcomes were: 10 m, 20 m, 40 m sprint times, maximum velocity (VMax), countermovement jump (CMJ), and maximal aerobic speed (MAS). A linear mixed model and equivalence testing explored between-group differences in dRPE with analyses of covariance comparing between-group change differences in fitness. Repeated-sprint session intensity was 57.2 ± 6.9 AU with equivalence between groups for all activities. Between-group change differences in fitness were: 0.00 (95% Confidence Interval -0.05, 0.06) s, 0.03 (-0.05, 0.12) s, and 0.05 (-0.06, 0.16) s for 10 m, 20 m, and 40 m sprints, -0.09 (-0.36, 0.17) m.s-1 for VMax, -0.9 (-3.0, 1.2) cm for CMJ, and 0.05 (-0.09, 0.19) m.s-1 for MAS. These findings suggest little impact of our rest period manipulations on between-group training loads or fitness changes following a 6-week repeated-sprint intervention. Given the limited sample size, our results must be interpreted as preliminary, requiring further confirmation.
2 Normative H-Test Values in a Cohort of 113 Healthy Soccer and Track-and-Field Athletes at High Risk for Hamstring Injury
Reference: Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2026 Jun 1;21(6):570-580. doi: 10.26603/001c.162344. eCollection 2026.
Authors: Sebastien Latella, Julen Ferreira, Lois Broquet, Brice Picot
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13232162/pdf/ijspt_2026_21_6_162344.pdf
Summary: Hamstring strain injury (HSI) and re-injury are major issues in track and field (T&F) and soccer (SOC). Askling’s return-to-sport H-test is reproductible and valid and can be used to objectively measure dynamic flexibility and kinematic outcomes. However, no normative values exist to support its interpretability across disciplines. The aim was to establish normative values for the main H-test kinematic outcomes in healthy competitive track and field and soccer athletes, and to examine the effects of sport discipline and limb dominance on H-test performance. Competitive T&F and SOC athletes with no recent history of HSI (within the previous six months) performed H-test on both the dominant (DOM) and non-dominant (NDOM) limbs. The H-test consists of hip flexion at maximal velocity and amplitude, performed in a supine position. Mean range of motion (ROM), maximal angular velocity (Vmax) and angle at peak velocity expressed in degrees (APV°) and percentage of ROM (APV%) were recorded using frame-by-frame two-dimensional video-based angular analysis. Raw values and symmetry between limbs were reported and compared between disciplines using ANOVA. One-hundred-and-thirteen athletes (94 males and 19 females, 20.1years, 176.6cm, 68.6kg, 46 T&F, 67 SOC) were included. H-test values were highly consistent, with 105.1°±10.8 (LSI=101.5%), 342.8°.s-1±49.5 (LSI=102.7%), 60.6°±7.9 (LSI=100.6%) and 57.6%±3.6 for ROM, Vmax, APV° and APV%, respectively. No differences between limb and discipline existed for ROM and Vmax. A small difference (ηp²=0.03) in APV% was observed between T&F and SOC athletes but it was not considered clinically meaningful. This is the first study to assess H-test kinematic outcome on a large sample of uninjured HSI at-risk athletes. Clinicians can use these values when interpreting results after hamstring injuries or during pre-season screening, particularly in male athletes. However, caution is warranted, as further studies are needed to confirm the link between H-test performance and injury risk, along with more research involving female populations.
3 Player Performance, Return-to-Play, and Recurrence Rates After Operative and Nonoperative Treatment for Anterior Shoulder Dislocation in Elite UEFA Professional Soccer Players: A Matched Cohort Analysis From 2010 to 2024
Reference: Orthop J Sports Med. 2026 Jun 2;14(6):23259671261445911. doi: 10.1177/23259671261445911. eCollection 2026 Jun.
Authors: Peter Boufadel, Brian S Tao, Timothy Kouo et al.
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13231038/pdf/10.1177_23259671261445911.pdf
Summary: Shoulder dislocation injuries may require prolonged recovery and absence from play, with risks of recurrent instability. The impact of shoulder dislocation on return-to-play (RTP) time and player performance in professional soccer athletes remains poorly defined. The purpose was to determine the rate and timing of RTP, risk of recurrence, and player performance after shoulder dislocation in elite professional soccer athletes. Professional soccer athletes who sustained a shoulder dislocation between 2010 and 2024 across the 5 major European soccer leagues with a minimum 1-year follow-up were identified using publicly available records. Injured athletes were matched by position, age, height, season, experience, and preinjury minutes played and compared to uninjured controls. RTP rates, recurrence, field time, and performance up to 4 seasons after injury were assessed. A total of 118 soccer athletes with shoulder dislocations were included (38% defenders, 23% attackers, 20% goalkeepers, and 19% midfielders). Mean age at time of injury was 26.2 ± 4.2 years. Overall, 87% returned to the same level within 2 seasons after shoulder dislocation. Injured athletes missed a median of 68 days and 10 games, with goalkeepers missing more days (124 vs 60, P < .001) and games (21 vs 8, P < .001) compared to outfield players. Recurrence occurred in 18% at a mean time of 2.6 ± 2.4 years, with a higher risk in athletes ≤25 years (26% vs 12%, P = .046). By treatment, 59% and 41% underwent operative and nonoperative management, respectively, with similar recurrence rates (17.1% vs 18.8%, P = .823) but longer time to recurrence in the operative group (3.82 ± 2.91 vs 1.41 ± 0.69 years, P = .009). Injured athletes played significantly fewer games, total minutes, and minutes per game during the index season and at 1 and 2 seasons after shoulder injury compared with matched controls. However, performance metrics and RTP rates in all seasons after injury remained comparable to matched controls across all positions and treatment groups. Professional soccer athletes returned to play at a high rate and a median of 68 days after shoulder dislocation, with an 18% recurrence rate. Despite reduced field time for up to 2 seasons after injury, overall player performance and RTP were not adversely affected.
4 Dual-pillar phenotype of elite deaf female soccer players: reduced aerobic capacity and repeated-sprint ability coexisting with enhanced explosive power
Reference: Br J Sports Med. 2026 Jun 4:bjsports-2026-111857. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2026-111857. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Adam Michał Szulc, Ildikó Balatoni, Grzegorz Przybylski, Andrzej Chęsy, Krzysztof Buśko
Summary: Research on deaf and hard-of-hearing athletes suggests sensorimotor trade-offs from neuroplasticity. We tested divergent adaptation in elite female soccer players, hypothesising a phenotype with cardiorespiratory/repeated-sprint deficits with enhanced explosive power (H1), respiratory-perceptual fatigue (H2) and a sensory-endurance gradient (H3). This cross-sectional study compared 18 elite deaf (Polish National Team) and 21 hearing (top-tier) players. Assessments included cardiopulmonary exercise testing with maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) verification, Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) and countermovement jump (CMJ) with allometric scaling. Analysis of covariance controlled for body fat and training experience. Supporting H1, hearing athletes had higher adjusted VO₂max (50.3 vs 45.8 mL/kg/min, p=0.016) and RAST peak power (7.2 vs 6.1 W/kg, p<0.001), while deaf athletes generated greater allometrically scaled CMJ peak power (115.8 vs 107.4, p=0.011). Supporting H2, deaf athletes had shorter time to exhaustion (TTE) (12.35 vs 14.83 min, p<0.001) and lower attainment of respiratory exchange ratio >1.0 (33% vs 90%, p=0.0002), with dyspnoea cited as the limiting symptom (56% deaf vs 71% leg fatigue in hearing). Partially supporting H3, deeper hearing loss correlated with shorter TTE (r=-0.64, p=0.005) but not CMJ power. Findings evidence a neuro-respiratory trade-off in elite deaf female soccer players: cardiorespiratory and repeated-sprint deficits with an explosive power advantage. Fatigue appears governed by respiratory-perceptual factors rather than metabolic acidosis. This phenotype, likely from developmental neuroplasticity, necessitates individualised dual-track training.
5 Decreased change of direction angle, increased ACL load: angle-dependent anterior cruciate ligament loading across different change of direction sprints in male soccer players
Reference: J Biomech. 2026 May 30:205:113388. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2026.113388. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Markus Huthöfer, Hans Kainz, Jana Holder, Brian Horsak, Gunther Kurz, Hermann Schwameder
Download link: https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271132/1-s2.0-S0021929026X20097/1-s2.0-S0021929026002435/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENj%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCIAzFXtAyZ4s1aijQQ6%2FBWZmhW5S%2BOM7KaeoXMd1AuGRjAiB24zwoQGOQpkhtBDuaO8TOrCTykHL9HkSJMmc32Dh2Iyq7BQih%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAUaDDA1OTAwMzU0Njg2NSIM5vG4xd6Y3u22UUX2Ko8FL%2F6%2F%2FMZQmoY7Qx8IHgPFWLKAt78nfc1BylAv%2FFckhUw8wyLC%2BwP6QezxD4ncwBbb7KqOWetCRk6AtNhiQVp1J%2Bj5aa8M0BVJjsghxJ%2BETDJV9izS4l7VBpckWjtprm7oX73YhcoGbIPETdNjIyjB0vIv%2B8ChRhy45nwdxs6QYCGRn3nAGGBDK480gVI951gy3YCaerDWYOvtt%2B9RrRxlYI8AgW85fn2WN9Y%2F6F6nzOJezcc5Uu4uS4WchiR%2BEnQkmd1Cn5weU%2FFFKFX8VcUriYYVq%2Fjcuy0YDn%2FFHa6gOI8WnnsnHE%2BPzEFMp1Eegfuz%2BRZH%2Bl6XOjfW2q9lOtj48oz8C6NcBA5rsXVr5hicvTC544XD0nkRq7WLQ3kOoI7VlLO%2F%2B9C%2Fs2ocg%2B5p5GhK2m6q2cu%2Fv1WdYPILKoy3Wq927ExgKsHfTUL%2FlQeEjokqz6P57Tg0nsFcwFoiS0alPtvZC4xovDOlN%2F1SxNFiBTxjog%2BDiDB%2FLVgAV5yLrqyG5yZn9%2BlEOuhpl74Hdy1ovnayQyFbhqZhCxHwERxqDIECJyujSCcfwn7Y2iAIv41sGu8BCJ6kIoBmaAVX7WOF%2FfG%2FpafZ2hcQWeYhgpyCANzB%2Bn4X30rqIQtH8%2FmPeiYMDQqcRBCrmfMgyqapZktKaruY2S%2FxQZnczG645nmvzdyV1DaVvQ%2BQaRAgrBd8pslT91qs7kMGZHoat4TkeNDYONoPfmEXhdbCSvD4%2BAzUp07cflE0XDhrMKSHV36vWhNTRSzN3%2FmZ4uYKU%2Br7vtNo%2FgHiSMTGE3ux9rVHcqR8qYcUTKjmzv893nLAIkcZa1HzO8gWnyH1xzgleqsN%2FjwwIfqW6vCPMOJwJOC4ta1npjC1qpbRBjqyAdeMwlvkVHH7MqfGYbvDysqa5%2BLiWOXCr6lyh3n3bmlibaCijGl8EPo8MNtOEDHXvlCIxoakjlI5UvolTwJ%2FkOvLIpmVM0NY%2F3FHQlZKu8VqQ%2FHHVETB1NyamNPaEd14Jy22jjqIMYiHERzXK8iJhjm8rx%2FY0u7R%2Bd%2Bsh7STtSjvFXt0F7KXhmfZFNsXZ%2B8%2B8G%2BWpMRRGbw%2FNukZTDbR6lnNZmdKgxeU89OBRoHR5HCoHzE%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20260607T172703Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY3NWOIC7E%2F20260607%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=54f52f5fe35bae99700057698cee309f2491ea3267fc033c9bc3c4cde44bd9ea&hash=56e992e31513ef7d80b035e5b1c67b9609afbe8c7c8c8e5d2e04a2c1af79dca5&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0021929026002435&tid=spdf-7dc9d9ee-b2b7-46dc-98e8-f96f16c60a94&sid=1d8ae6e71d534146f3689278dc54ae5adcb5gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=190e0e535d505a0a5f5c50&rr=a0815d837da6dc78&cc=ch
Summary: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries frequently occur during high-speed, non-contact movements such as change of direction (COD) maneuvers. While external joint moments such as the knee abduction moment (KAM) are widely used as surrogate markers of ACL loading, they do not directly quantify tissue loading. Understanding ACL loading at tissue level and how it varies with COD angle may improve prevention and screening protocols. Fifteen recreational male soccer players performed planned 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180° COD sprints. Marker trajectories and ground reaction forces were captured with three-dimensional motion capture system and force plates. Musculoskeletal simulations were conducted in OpenSim using a multi-body knee model and the Concurrent Optimization of Muscle Activations and Kinematics framework. Knee kinematics and kinetics in all three anatomical planes, ACL strain and ACL strain rate were extracted across COD angle conditions. Repeated measures ANOVAs with post-hoc tests were applied. Peak ACL strain ranged from 5.1 to 8.5%, and ACL strain rate reached up to 84%·s⁻1. Both parameters were highest at 45° COD. These values fall within physiologically plausible ranges reported in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Despite higher KAMs for increased angles, ACL strain and ACL strain rate decreased with increasing COD angle. Musculoskeletal simulations revealed that smaller COD angles impose greater ACL loading in male soccer players, illustrating that surrogate metrics such as KAM may not accurately reflect ACL loading. These findings emphasize the multifactorial nature of ACL loading. It further demonstrates the value of musculoskeletal modelling as a comprehensive approach to quantify ligament loading and inform angle-specific injury-prevention and testing strategies.
6 Improving penalty shoot-out performance in skilled youth soccer players: An imagery modality-based approach
Reference: JSAMS Plus. 2025 Dec 9:7:100125. doi: 10.1016/j.jsampl.2025.100125. eCollection 2026 Jun.
Authors: Vincent Joseph-Jacques, Roland Seux, Laurent Dominique, Vanessa Hatchi, Nicolas Robin
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13227256/pdf/main.pdf
Summary: Since their introduction in professional football, penalty shoot-outs represent key moments in matches. Motor imagery (MI) can improve soccer performance, but different MI modalities can be used to mentally simulate motor actions. This study aimed to evaluate whether the MI modality used by the players would influence their penalty shoot-out performance. Twenty youth skilled football players from the Elite Center of the French Regions of America (CERFA) voluntarily participated in this experiment. After an assessment of their MI ability, the participants completed 4 counterbalanced experimental sessions spread over 4 weeks, each including the completion of 5 penalty shoot-outs. The sessions consisted of a control condition (count-down and actual execution) and 3 MI conditions during which the players had to mentally imagine themselves performing a penalty shoot-out according to one of the MI modalities: Internal Visual Imagery (IVI), External Visual Imagery (EVI), or Kinesthetic Imagery (KI), before kicking. Number of goals scored, shooting accuracy and ball speed were measured and served as dependent variables. The soccer players benefited from MI. Indeed, in both the IVI and KI conditions, their performances were significantly higher than in the no-MI (i.e., control) condition with respect to the total number of goals scored and shooting accuracy variables.
Conclusions: Practically, we suggest skilled football players imagine, from an internal perspective, taking a successful penalty kick before shooting.
7 Probiotics in football (soccer): a survey on practitioner’s current perceptions and practices
Reference: Sci Med Footb. 2026 Jun 2:1-11. doi: 10.1080/24733938.2026.2682129. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Tindaro Bongiovanni, Athanasios Pappous, Gerard Clarke et al.
Summary: Probiotic supplementation is attracting increasing attention among sports science and performance practitioners for its potential to support gut and immune function, adaptation to training, recovery and exercise performance. Purpose: To investigate the perceptions, as well as the current and common practices of practitioners supporting elite soccer teams regarding probiotic supplements. Sixty football practitioners from 5 different countries participated in a study consisting of a survey including 5 domains: demographic and professional characteristics (Who); perceptions about probiotics for health and performance (Why); methodological procedures about probiotics (What); mode of supplementation (How) and real-life practices about probiotics supplementation (When). Data revealed 5 main findings: (1) overall agreement on the importance of probiotics for soccer players (80.0%) and on the consumption under the practitioner’s supervision (76.8%); (2) lack of consensus about the effects on athletic performance and recovery; (3) strong agreement on the use of probiotics to treat diarrhea (61.0%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (66.1%); (4) reported preference for multi-strain and multi-species probiotic supplements (85.2%); and (5) daily dosing frequency (one dose per day; 69.1%) and a preference for capsule formulations (83.3%). Probiotic use is highly prevalent among professional teams and is largely supervised by practitioners, with a strong emphasis on gut and immune health. However, despite this widespread adoption, there remains considerable uncertainty and limited consensus regarding optimal strains, dosing strategies, timing, and the potential effects on athletic performance, sleep and recovery. These findings highlight a clear practice-evidence gap, underscoring the need for high-quality, soccer-specific research and enhanced practitioner education for probiotic use in professional soccer.
8 Effects of the FIFA 11 + warm-up programme on motor performance in U-15 female soccer players: a randomized controlled trial
Reference: BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2026 Jun 2. doi: 10.1186/s13102-026-01777-8. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Tahir Volkan Aslan, Sakir Tufekci, Yalin Aygun et al.
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13102-026-01777-8_reference.pdf
Summary: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the FIFA 11 + warm-up programme on the agility, jumping and sprint performance of U-15 female soccer players. A twenty-four female U-15 football players (≥ 3 years of playing experience; regular training) randomly allocated to either the FIFA 11 + experimental or a control group in a parallel pretest-posttest design. The experimental group performed the FIFA 11 + during training sessions, three times per week for six weeks. The control group continued their regular warm-up. Performance outcomes were assessed at baseline and post-intervention using the Illinois agility test, countermovement vertical jump and 30-m sprint. A significant group × time interaction was found for the Illinois Agility (IA) test (F = 23.056, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.512), with a greater improvement in the experimental group (ΔExp-ΔCon = – 0.74 s; 95% CI: – 1.00 to – 0.48). Vertical jump performance also showed a significant interaction (F = 6.749, p = 0.016, ηp² = 0.235), favoring the experimental group (ΔExp-ΔCon = + 1.79 cm; 95% CI: +0.42 to + 3.15). In contrast, the 30 m sprint test revealed no significant interaction (F = 1.126, p = 0.300, ηp² = 0.049), with minimal between-group differences (ΔExp-ΔCon = – 0.05 s; 95% CI: – 0.17 to + 0.07). Overall, the intervention enhanced agility and jump performance but not sprint speed. These results show that the FIFA 11 + warm-up program can be effective in improving agility and vertical jump performance in under-15 female soccer players, but it did not create a significant difference between groups in 30-meter sprint performance. These findings suggest that the program effectively supports neuromuscular control and lower extremity strength development, but more complex speed components such as sprinting may require additional or different training stimuli.
9 Effect of a core endurance fatigue protocol on isokinetic hamstring strength and flexibility in male soccer players: An exploratory study
Reference: Phys Ther Sport. 2026 May 27:80:101940. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2026.101940. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Fariborz Hovanloo, Kowsar Pourahmad, Farhad Moradi Shahpar
Summary: Hamstring injuries are common in soccer, and fatigue-induced alterations in core function may influence neuromuscular control and hamstring performance. The aim was to investigate the acute effects of a core endurance fatigue protocol on isokinetic hamstring strength and active knee extension (AKE) range of motion in male soccer players. Thirty male soccer players participated in this pre-post experimental study. Their mean age was 25 ± 3.2 years, mean height was 179.4 ± 6.6 cm, mean weight was 74.1 ± 12.3 kg, and mean sports experience was 8.3 ± 2.1 years. Participants underwent pre- and post-fatigue assessments of concentric and eccentric hamstring peak torque, functional hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios, and AKE flexibility following a core endurance fatigue protocol. Following fatigue, eccentric hamstring strength and the functional hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio at 240°/s decreased significantly. The changes in the functional hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio at 60°/s and AKE flexibility were smaller and not consistently significant after adjustment. Core endurance fatigue is associated with acute neuromuscular changes in variables linked to hamstring function. These exploratory findings suggest that core endurance may be relevant in injury prevention, although prospective studies are needed to establish clinical relevance.
10 Impact of Two Soccer Seasons on the Magnitude and Direction of Interlimb Asymmetry in Elite Youth Male Players
Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2026 Jun 3. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005550. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Nuno Ribeiro, Oliver Gonzalo-Skok, Nuno Loureiro, Ruben Ferreira, João P Araújo, Chris Bishop, Francisco Tavares
Summary: This study examined the influence of 2 competitive seasons on the magnitude and direction of interlimb asymmetry across countermovement jump (CMJ), change of direction (COD) speed, and isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) in elite male youth soccer players. A total of 60 academy players (U14-U17) were assessed at 6 time points across 2 seasons. Performance testing included unilateral CMJ, the 505 COD test, and unilateral IMTP. Biological maturation was estimated as the percentage of the predicted adult height. The magnitude of asymmetry was calculated using the standard percentage difference equation, and directional consistency was evaluated using Cohen’s kappa coefficients. COD asymmetry displayed moderate-to-almost-perfect directional consistency between the first 2 time points (κ = 0.55-0.66), but the agreement declined to poor-to-fair levels across later assessments (κ = -0.15 to 0.32; TP3-TP6). By contrast, CMJ and IMTP demonstrated predominantly poor-to-slight directional agreement across all time points (κ = -0.33 to 0.40), indicating substantial instability in limb dominance. Throughout the longitudinal period, maturation did not meaningfully influence asymmetry magnitude in any performance measure. Interlimb asymmetry in elite youth soccer players is dynamic, task-specific, and largely independent of the task. COD asymmetry showed brief early season directional stability, whereas CMJ and IMTP asymmetry directions fluctuated considerably over time. These findings underscore the need for repeated task-specific monitoring and caution against overinterpreting small asymmetries or assuming maturational effects on interlimb differences.
11 Neuromuscular and Subjective Recovery Responses to Day and Night Fixtures During Congested and Noncongested Microcycles in Professional Soccer Players
Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2026 Jun 3. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005508. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Irvin Mukandi, Anthony Turner, Chris Bishop, Marco Beato
Summary: This study investigated and compared the impact of day and night fixtures during congested and noncongested microcycles on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and subjective self-reported measures 40 hours postcompetitive match play in professional soccer players. Twenty-eight players completed CMJ baseline assessment during preseason. Assessment 40 hours postmatch was limited to players who played ≥60 minutes. Baseline measures for subjective self-reported measures were collected 24 hours prematch. Congested microcycles were classified as 3-5 days between fixtures and noncongested microcycles ≥7 days between fixtures. Across all 4 fixture contexts, significant reductions (p < 0.05) with small-to-moderate effects (δ = -0.47 to 0.30) were observed for all CMJ metrics, except for eccentric mean force that showed nonsignificant, trivial effects for congested microcycles and night fixtures. Statistically significant reductions in sleep quality, mood, muscle soreness, and a composite score of all 3 measures were observed for both congested and noncongested microcycles as well as day fixtures (p < 0.05) (δ = -0.59 to 0.11). For night fixtures, nonsignificant changes were observed for sleep quality and mood. No significant differences were observed between day and night fixtures as well as congested and noncongested microcycles for all CMJ metrics. For subjective self-reported measures, significant trivial to small differences with a bias toward night fixtures were observed for muscle soreness, mood, and composite score. No significant differences were observed among the global positioning system metrics between congested and noncongested microcycles. Significant differences were observed between high-speed running and sprint distance between day and night fixtures with a bias toward day fixtures, while nonsignificant differences were found for total distance, distance per minute, accelerations, and decelerations. Monitoring both objective and subjective self-reported measures provides a holistic approach to understanding player fatigue and recovery, allowing for informed decision making in congested periods.
12 Does curvilinear sprint training with different radii improve multidirectional speed and sprint mechanics in youth soccer players?
Reference: Biol Sport. 2026 Feb 6:43:829-838. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2026.157996. eCollection 2026 Jan.
Authors: David Solleiro-Duran, Jose Suarez-Rial, Ezequiel Rey, Andrés Baena-Raya, Miguel Lorenzo-Martínez, Alberto Filter, Alexis Padrón-Cabo
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13217406/pdf/JBS-43-57300.pdf
Summary: This randomized parallel-group study examined the effects of curvilinear sprint (CS) training with different radii on linear sprint (LS) performance, CS ability, change of direction (COD), and horizontal force-velocity (FV) profile in youth soccer players. Eighteen male youth soccer players from the same academy were randomly assigned to a narrow CS group (NCSG; 5.15 m radius) or a wide CS group (WSCG; 11.15 m radius). Both groups completed 12 CS sessions over 6 weeks (2 sessions/week), integrated into their regular team training. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included LS (5-30 m), CS tests on both the good and weak sides over two radii (7.15 m and 9.15 m), modified 505 COD test, and sprint mechanical variables from the FV profile (F0, V0, Pmax, RFmax, Drf). No significant time × group interactions were found for any variable (p > 0.05), indicating that narrow and wide CS training produced similar adaptations. However, within-group analyses revealed significant improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in most CS tests (except for the good side on 9.15 m), in 5 m and 20 m LS times and COD performance. Additionally, the NCSG and WCSG showed small to moderate significant enhancements (p ≤ 0.05) in Pmax and RFmax after the training intervention. In conclusion, 6 weeks of CS training improved LS, CS ability, COD performance, and key sprint mechanical outputs in youth soccer players. These findings suggest that CS training is a specific and effective method for enhancing multidirectional speed and sprint mechanics in this population.
13 Growth, maturity status and performance of youth soccer players by playing status as adults
Reference: Biol Sport. 2026 Jan 2:43:693-701. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2026.156225. eCollection 2026 Jan.
Authors: Robert M Malina, Luís Horta, João P Duarte et al.
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13217400/pdf/JBS-43-57113.pdf
Summary: To evaluate the growth, maturity and performance characteristics of select youth soccer players grouped by subsequent playing status as adults. Height, weight, skeletal and pubertal maturity status, and performances on jumping, speed and aerobic endurance tasks were measured in 1998-1999 for 135 players 11-12 (n=29), 14-15 (n=61) and 16-17 (n=45) years. Based on records of the Portuguese Soccer Federation for the 2018-2019 season, 63 of the players were not involved in soccer as adults, while 47 played at the amateur level and 25 played professionally. Among players 11-12 years, those playing professionally as adults performed significantly better in the jump and sprint compared to peers no longer playing, while among players 14-15 years, those playing professionally as adults were significantly taller and performed better in the sprint as youth. Among players 16-17 years, in contrast, those playing soccer as an amateur or professionally and those no longer involved as adults did not differ as youth in body size, skeletal and pubertal maturity status, and performances. Comparisons of the youth characteristics of those playing soccer as adults and those no longer involved indicated no consistent pattern in the three competitive age groups considered. Unfortunately, information on soccer-specific skills and coach perceptions of skills and characteristics of youth players was not available.
14 The influence of contextual factors on the physical demands of soccer match-play
Reference: Biol Sport. 2026 Jan 2:43:729-741. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2026.157995. eCollection 2026 Jan.
Authors: Enrique Benéitez-Andrés, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Alejandro Rodríguez-Fernández, Mercedes Sánchez-Barba, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Mario Sánchez
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13217384/pdf/JBS-43-57299.pdf
Summary: This observational longitudinal study examined the impact of six contextual on the match demands of professional soccer players using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data were collected from 17 male players across 37 official matches (September 2023-May 2024) of a Tier 3 Spanish team, utilizing 10 Hz GPS units. PCA, combined with hierarchical cluster analysis, effectively reduced the 17 initial external load metrics to eight representative variables, optimizing relevant information and minimizing redundancy inherent in performance monitoring systems. Six contextual factors (match outcome, location, player position, goal difference, halftime score evolution, and competitive block) were analyzed for their influence using ANOVA. Results indicated that player position was the most influential variable (p ≤ 0.001, large effect sizes), significantly affecting all external load metrics, with distinct profiles for forwards, midfielders, and defenders. Specifically, forwards excelled in high-intensity actions; midfielders recorded higher values in medium-intensity distances and decelerations, while defenders consistently exhibited the lowest overall physical demands. Match location significantly influenced high-intensity distance and decelerations (higher at home, small effect sizes). The competitive block showed a significant effect only on low-intensity distance, peaking during intermediate periods, suggesting that effective load management strategies mitigated fluctuations in high-intensity activity. Conversely, match outcome, goal difference, and score difference evolution had no significant effects on most physical demands. This study confirms player position as the predominant contextual factor and highlights the utility of PCA in refining load monitoring. Practical applications include individualized training regimens tailored to positional demands and optimized monitoring strategies for efficient performance analysis.
15 Is the positioning of defensive players an aspect to consider in soccer transition games?
Reference: Biol Sport. 2026 Jan 2:43:703-709. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2026.156229. eCollection 2026 Jan.
Authors: Jose A Asian-Clemente, Bernardo Requena, Luis Suarez-Arrones, Piotr Żmijewski
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13217386/pdf/JBS-43-57117.pdf
Summary: This study investigated the influence of defensive player positioning on the external and internal loads experienced during small-sided transition games (TGs) and the subsequent effects on sprint and jump performance. Twenty male youth players (age 15.7 ± 0.2 years; height 175.3 ± 7.5 cm; mass 67.1 ± 6.8 kg) completed two 7-min bouts, with 2 minutes of passive recovery, of 2 vs. 2 TGs under three defensive configurations: defenders in front of attackers (TGFront), behind attackers (TGBehind), and parallel to attackers (TGParallel). During each TG, we recorded total distance covered (DC), distance covered in running (18.0-20.9 km · h-1), high-intensity running (21.0-23.9 km · h-1), and sprinting (> 24.0 km · h-1), peak speed, mechanical load, and the number of accelerations and decelerations > 1.0 m · s-2 and > 2.5 m · s-2. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also collected. Sprint (30 m) and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests were administered immediately before and after each session. The results showed that TGParallel and TGBehind elicited significantly greater DC, distances in running, high-intensity running, and sprinting zones, mechanical load, accelerations > 2.5 m · s-2, and RPE compared to TGFront (p < 0.05). Moreover, TGParallel produced higher DC in high-intensity running, sprinting, mechanical load, and accelerations > 2.5 m · s-2 than TGBehind (p < 0.05). No TG format induced significant changes in sprint or CMJ performance (pre- vs. post-test, p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that positioning defenders behind or parallel to attackers increases both external and internal loads across running, high-intensity, and sprinting zones during TGs, without compromising subsequent sprint or jump performance.
16 The influence of the video assistant referee on the Africa cup of nations football tournaments
Reference: Front Sports Act Living. 2026 May 20:8:1771811. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1771811. eCollection 2026.
Author: Alliance Kubayi
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13231360/pdf/fspor-08-1771811.pdf
Summary: This study explored how the implementation of VAR has affected gameplay and referees‘ performance during the Africa Cup of Nations (AFCON) football tournaments. The sample comprised all 84 matches played during the AFCON competitions before and after the introduction of the VAR system. The following match variables were recorded: goals, penalties, offsides, fouls, yellow cards, red cards, first-half playing time, second-half playing time, and total playing time. Data were collected from the „Whoscored“ website (https://www.whoscored.com). The Mann-Whitney U test and a generalised linear model were used to examine match performance variables before and after the introduction of the VAR. The results indicated significant (p < 0.001) decreases in the number of offsides and fouls after the introduction of VAR. The implementation of VAR resulted in significant (p < 0.001) increases in both first-half, second-half playing time, and total playing time. The current findings may have useful ramifications for coaches, players, and sports federations seeking to better comprehend the impacts of VAR in Africa and assist referees in maximising their performance.
17 From injury to financial loss: Quantifying the economic and career consequences of anterior crucial ligament ruptures in European professional football
Reference: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2026 Jun 4. doi: 10.1002/ksa.70470. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Taner Karaman, Sergen Devran, Suat Morkuzu, Bülent Bayraktar
Summary: We aimed to evaluate the direct and indirect costs of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and assess their effects on career trajectories, market value, and potential associations with the age of the head coach at the time of injury in European professional football. A retrospective Transfermarkt.com cohort study was conducted on 211 professional male footballers who underwent ACL reconstruction. Primary outcomes related to demographics, career outcomes, market value, and coaching profiles were analysed. Data were analysed using SPSS 30, employing analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and independent-samples t-tests. Post-hoc power analysis (G Power) confirmed statistical power > 0.99 for the primary outcome. The mean recovery period was 256.6 days (standard deviation [SD]: 91.9; median: 241; interquartile range [IQR]: 102; range: 109-674). ACL injuries were associated with a mean market value depreciation of approximately 2.5% (Value Drop Ratio [VDR]: 1.0; SD: 0.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0159-1.033). Age was significantly associated with financial loss (F = 6.2, p < 0.001; Cohen’s f = 0.332); players ≥ 30 years showed a 5.5% decline compared to 0.9% for those aged ≤ 22 years. Post-injury, 16.0% transitioned to a lower-tier league and 7.3% to a higher-tier league. Players who transitioned to lower tiers had shorter mean recovery durations (221.6 vs. 264.1 days; p = 0.011). In an exploratory analysis (n = 38 coaches), teams coached by managers < 40 years had lower ACL injury rates among newly transferred players (p = 0.004). After Bonferroni correction (p < 0.007), only Scottish and Dutch subgroup findings remained significant. ACL injuries in professional male footballers impose a substantial economic burden on clubs through market value depreciation, prolonged recovery and continued salary obligations. Older player age is the strongest determinant of financial impact, while a meaningful proportion of injured players transition to lower-tier leagues, with shorter recovery paradoxically associated with downward career mobility. These findings suggest that ACL injury constitutes a multidimensional risk encompassing medical, financial and career consequences.
18 Prevalence of stress urinary incontinence and associated factors in elite female football players: Better understanding for better prevention
Reference: J Sci Med Sport. 2026 May 20:S1440-2440(26)00194-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2026.05.006. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Emmanuel Orhant, Christopher Carling, Carole Maitre et al.
Summary: Stress urinary incontinence affects many female athletes. Its effect in elite women’s football has received little attention. This study aims to determine the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence in elite women’s football, investigate its triggers, analyze compensatory strategies, and identify practical solutions to reduce its impact on health and performance. This study used anonymized, retrospective data from 368 football players who completed an online questionnaire assessing the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence through both direct and indirect questions, triggering factors and the level of dialog on this topic. Sub-analyses explored differences across practice levels (National: Divisions 1 and 2, Division 3 and Under19 and Regional: Other). Direct questions revealed that 19% of players reported suffering from stress urinary incontinence, while indirect indicators suggested a prevalence of 55%, with no significant difference between groups. Jumping/ landing was the main trigger (41%), followed by running (27%) and abdominal exercises (18%). 20% of players were asked about their stress urinary incontinence by physicians and 8% by coaches or physiotherapists, with no differences across practice levels. However, dialog with gynecologists (p < 0.001) and physiotherapists (p = 0.03) was significantly higher among top-level Division 1 and 2 players compared to Division 3 and Under19 and Other. Stress urinary incontinence is common in women’s football. This study emphasizes understanding the triggering factors for stress urinary incontinence prevention, treatment, and open discussion to avoid negative effects on athletes‘ health and performance. Coaches and healthcare professionals also play a key role in prevention.
19 Second ACL injuries in football players after ACL reconstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Reference: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2026 Jun 3. doi: 10.1002/ksa.70471. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Adolfo López Personat, Gonzalo Mariscal, Anders Stålman et al.
Download link: https://esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ksa.70471
Summary: The aim was to determine the incidence of second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in football players after index ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Secondary objectives were to assess second ACL injury rates across subgroups (laterality, sex, age, playing level, graft type, return to play [RTP] and follow-up duration) and to review factors associated with reinjury. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 10 December 2025. Studies reporting second ACL injuries or subsequent ACLRs in football players were included. Incidence was defined as the proportion of players sustaining a subsequent ACL injury or ACLR relative to those undergoing index ACLR. RTP was defined as participation in at least one official match. Key limitations include substantial heterogeneity across studies, the inclusion of mixed data sources and the operational definition of second ACL injury, combining ACL injuries (graft rupture or contralateral tear) or, when not reported, subsequent ACLRs. Thirty-four studies (16,905 players; 50.5% male) were included. The pooled incidence of second ACL injury was 21.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.9%-25.9%). Contralateral (10.6%, 95% CI 8.0%-13.9%) and ipsilateral injuries (10.4%, 95% CI 8.4%-12.9%) were of similar magnitude. Higher pooled incidence was observed in female (23.5%, 95% CI 18.0%-30.1%) compared with male players (14.5%, 95% CI 14.5%-23.4%), with 30% increased odds (odds ratio [OR] 1.3, 95% CI 1.1%-1.7%, p < 0.01). Among professionals, incidence was 19.2% (95% CI 15.1%-24.2%). No significant differences were found between hamstring tendon and bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autografts. The highest rates were observed in players <21 years (31.9%, 95% CI 23.6%-41.6%) and in cohorts with high RTP rates (29.2%, 95% CI 24.7%-34.1%). Second ACL injuries are common in football, affecting roughly between one in three to one in five players after ACLR. Higher rates of second ACL injury were observed in female players, younger individuals, those who returned to play, and in studies with longer follow-up duration. Contralateral ACL injuries had a similar magnitude to ipsilateral injuries. No significant differences in ipsilateral ACL reinjury rates were found between hamstrings tendon and BPTB autografts.
20 Acute Effects of Different Training Sessions on the Extended Blood Steroid Profile in Elite Male Football Players
Reference: Sports Med. 2026 Jun 2. doi: 10.1007/s40279-026-02467-8. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Federico Ponzetto, Alberto Franceschi, Laura Leoni et al.
Download link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40279-026-02467-8.pdf
Summary: Acute exercise is a recognized physiological confounder of circulating steroid hormones, yet evidence on how real-world football training affects the blood steroid profile (BSP) within the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) remains limited in elite athletes. The aim was to examine acute endocrine response to football training sessions of differing load and to explore their association with perceived exertion. A total of 27 elite male professional outfield football players from an Italian Serie A club were assessed during the in-season period (2022-2023 competitive season). Each player completed one predefined low-load (LL), moderate-load (ML), or high-load (HL) training session. Venous blood samples were collected immediately before and after training. Collectively, 26 circulating steroids were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. These included both unconjugated hormones and phase II metabolites relevant to the BSP. External training load was assessed using global navigation satellite systems, while internal load was quantified via heart-rate telemetry and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistics, linear mixed-effects models, and multivariable logistic regression. Training elicited significant, load-associated alterations in circulating BSP steroids. HL sessions induced marked post-training increases in free glucocorticoids including cortisone (median Δ + 7.4 ng/mL), and unconjugated androgens such as androstenedione (median Δ + 131.3 pg/mL), whereas LL sessions induced minimal changes. The testosterone-to-androstenedione ratio decreased following ML and HL training (median 8.2-6.6, p < 0.001). Athletes reporting higher perceived exertion (RPE ≥ 4) exhibited greater endocrine perturbations, with significantly larger increases in cortisol-related steroids (e.g., 11-deoxycortisol, p < 0.001). Acute football training is associated with rapid modulation of circulating steroid hormones, particularly following higher training loads and perceived exertion. These findings highlight the potential relevance of recent training exposure when interpreting BSP variations and suggest that integrating steroidomic profiles with training-load information may improve the physiological contextualization of antidoping biomarkers.
21 Associations between growth, maturation and non-contact injury risk in Scottish male academy football: a prospective multi-academy study
Reference: Ann Hum Biol. 2026 Dec;53(1):2673847. doi: 10.1080/03014460.2026.2673847. Epub 2026 Jun 2.
Authors: Steven Curnyn, Mark Leslie, Sean Cumming, Debbie Palmer, Sean Williams
Download link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/03014460.2026.2673847?needAccess=true
Summary: Biological maturation significantly influences injury risk in youth footballers, yet evidence from male Scottish academies remains limited. Variability in maturity timing means players do not reach peak height velocity (PHV) at the same chronological age, potentially creating disparities in injury vulnerability within age-grouped squads. The aim was to investigate the relationship between biological maturation, growth, and non-contact injury risk in male academy football players. A prospective cohort study was conducted across five Club Academy Scotland (CAS) academies during the 2024-2025 season, including 392 male players aged 9-17 years (U10-U18). Anthropometric assessments were performed quarterly to estimate growth rate and biological maturity status (pre-, circa-, and post-PHV) and timing (early-, on-time-, and late-maturing) using percentage of predicted adult height (%PAH). Non-contact injury incidence (per 1000 h) and burden (days lost per 1000 h) were recorded throughout the season. Injury incidence was highest in post-PHV players, as well as in early- and late-maturing individuals. A non-linear relationship was observed between %PAH and injury incidence, with dual peaks at approximately 90% and 100% PAH, corresponding to circa- and post-PHV periods. Growth velocity was positively associated with injury incidence, with a marked increase observed at rates exceeding 10 cm/year. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring growth and maturation in academy football and support the implementation of individualised, maturity-informed approaches to load management to mitigate injury risk.
22 Influencing factors of sport performance during menstruation in elite female football players: a semi-structured interview-based study
Reference: Sci Med Footb. 2026 Jun 2:1-16. doi: 10.1080/24733938.2026.2682128. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Zhicheng Deng, Zuyi Sun, Yiting Wu et al.
Summary: This interview study used qualitative content analysis to identify and explain the factors that influence female football players‘ sport performance during menstruation and to examine the interrelationships among these main factors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 elite female football players from a professional club in Beijing. The interview transcripts were first analysed using a three-stage coding process to identify the main influencing factors. Subsequently, the connections among these factors were examined within the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model. Within the S-O-R framework, the Stimulus component comprises menstrual stressors and the team ecosystem; the Organism component comprises psychological states, cognitive integration, and regulatory strategies; and the Response component comprises sport performance-related abilities. When female athletes are menstruating, the stimuli may not only have a direct impact on the response, but may also influence it indirectly through the mediating processes represented by the organism. According to the results, several practical recommendations were proposed: (1) a tiered menstrual-status assessment protocol should be established to differentiate training and leave procedures, integrate menstrual health monitoring, and implement periodized training models. (2) menstrual stigma should be reduced through adolescent education and coach training. (3) stress-response simulation training and a ‚menstrual coping repository‘ should be designed to facilitate personalized interventions.
23 Comparing Match-Related Physical Performance Using Arbitrary and Individual Running Speed, Acceleration, and Deceleration Zones in Professional Football Players (Part 1)
Reference: J Strength Cond Res. 2026 May 29. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005545. Online ahead of print.
Authors: Leo Antenucci, Christian Schmidt, Davide Malatesta
Summary: This study aimed to compare match-related physical performance and its match-to-match variability using arbitrary (ARB) and individualized (IND) intensity thresholds for running speed, accelerations (ACC), and decelerations (DEC) in a professional football team. Global navigation satellite system data from an entire Swiss first-division season (30 matches) were analyzed for 14 players. The match-related physical performance was assessed across 4 intensity zones for running speed, ACCs, and DECs: low-speed running, high-speed running (HSR), very high-speed running, sprinting and ACC1/2/3/4/DEC1/2/3/4. The distance covered and the number of ACCs/DECs in each zone were recorded through 3 thresholds for both ARB (speed: 14.4/19.8/25.2 km·h-1; ACCs/DECs: 1.0/2.0/3.0 m·s-2) and IND (speed: speed at the second lactate threshold, peak incremental speed, and anaerobic sprint reserve; ACCs/DECs: 25%/50%/75% of maximal ACCs/DECs). Within-player match-to-match variability coefficient of variation was also calculated. Significant differences were found between both methods across all zones (p ≤ 0.033). Running distances were significantly greater in IND than in ARB for all zones (4.5-110.7%) except HSR (-37.0%). Accelerations/DECs were significantly greater in IND for ACC1 (74.7%) and DEC1 (117.9%), but lower for ACC2/3/4/DEC2/3/4 (-16.0% to -96.3%). The number of ACC4/DEC4 was nearly negligible in IND. Coefficients of variation were lower for sprint distance, and greater for ACC4/DEC4 in IND than in ARB. The significant differences between ARB and IND running speed zones suggest that IND method should be used to assess match-related running performance accurately, while ARB method should be used for quantifying the number of ACCs/DECs.
24 Influence of contextualized physical performance metrics on offensive and defensive outcomes in professional football players
Reference: Biol Sport. 2026 Feb 6:43:875-886. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2026.158681. eCollection 2026 Jan.
Authors: Paolo Troiani, Antonio Lucadamo, Dario Pompa et al.
Download link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13217146/pdf/JBS-43-57451.pdf
Summary: This study aimed to determine how contextualized physical performance metrics influence offensive and defensive outcomes in professional football. We examined external load and high-intensity actions over two seasons, adopting a dual-team approach including a reference team and its opponent. Positional data from all outfield players in 760 matches were collected using a video-based tracking system, capturing sprinting, accelerations, decelerations, and high-intensity efforts across in-possession, out-of-possession, and out-of-play phases. Sprinting distance in possession was associated with a higher number of goals scored (β = 0.308, standard error [SE] = 0.057, p < 0.001). High metabolic power distance during out-of-play phases was also a positive predictor of offensive effectiveness (β = 1.274, SE = 0.218, p < 0.001). High-intensity deceleration distance in possession was negatively related to goals scored (β = -0.257, SE = 0.089, p = 0.004). Defensively, higher opponent intensity-such as sprinting distance in possession and high metabolic power distance during out-of-play phases-was associated with a higher number of goals conceded (β = 0.212, SE = 0.052, p < 0.001; β = 1.379, SE = 0.207, p < 0.001, respectively), whereas high metabolic power distance of the reference team during out-of-play phases was negatively associated (β = -0.966, SE = 0.241, p < 0.001). The influence of in-possession decelerations differed between seasons, indicating that timing and tactical context modulate how these actions affect goals conceded. A focused set of contextualized physical metrics critically shape offensive and defensive outcomes and can guide training and tactical strategies to enhance team performance.